Walnut 


The  Story  of  the 

Introduction  and  "Development  of  the  Walnut 
in  California 


CLOSE-UP     OF  A  WELL-LOADED  WALNUT  TREE 


THE 

CALIFORNIA 
WALNUT 


CALIFORNIA  WALNUT  GROWERS  ASSOCIATION 

LOS  ANGELES,  CALIFORNIA 


PRESERVATION 
COPY  ADDED 
ORIGINAL  TO  BE 
RETAINED 


\  p, 

\  U 


Copyright,  1919, by 
California  Walnut  Growers  Association 


PREFACE 

'The  realization  of  the  quality  ideals  held  by  the  California 
Walnut  Growers  Association,  through  its  many  years  of 
incessant  effort,  carries  with  it  a  reward  that  can  be  appre- 
ciated only  by  those  who  have  striven  mightily  and  succeeded 
beyond  expectation.  This  ideal  has  been  attained  by  careful 
supervision  of  the  industry  from  the  time  the  tree  is  planted 
in  the  orchard  to  the  moment  the  nut  is  ready  for  shipment. 
The  result  is  the  "California  Walnut."  To  increase  the  pro- 
duction of  so  wonderful  a  food  product  as  the  "California 
Walnut"  is  a  worthy  ambition  and  its  accomplishment  is 
proving  extremely  gratifying  to  thousands  of  growers. 

In  an  endeavor  to  show  how  these  attainments  have  been 
brought  about  and  are  being  perpetuated,  this  publication 
is  offered. 


448276 


Our  appreciation  is  extended  to  Mr.  Carlyle  Thorpe 
and  Dr.  Leon  D.  Batchelor  for  their  careful  criticism 
of  the  manuscript  and  to  the  University  of  California 
for  the  use  of  illustrative  material.  Recourse  has  been 
made  to  the  University  of  California  Bulletin  231,  by 
Professor  Ralph  Smith,  and  the  Standard  Encyclopedia 
of  Horticulture.  Direct  assistance  has  been  received 
from  a  popular  treatise  on  walnuts  written  by  The  H. 
K.  McCann  Company. 

W.  T.  WEBBER 
W.  E.  GOODSPEED 


Table  of  (Contents 


CHAPTER  ONE 

Introduction 


"The  Nut  of  the  Gods" 

The  Walnut  in  California 

Extent  of  the  California  Walnut  Industry 
Wonderful  Nutritive  Qualities  of  the  Walnut 
Walnuts  a  Staple  Every-Day  Food 
Walnut  Production  as  a  Business  in  California 


PAGE  PAGE 

9        Land  Values        .      .      , 15 

9        Period  of  Bearing 15 

11         Yield .  15 

13        Prices  Received  for  Walnuts 19 

13  Production  and  Prices  for  Period  of  Ten  Years  19 

14  Expense  of  Operation 20 


CHAPTER  TWO 

Qulture  of  the  California  Walnut 


Propagation    .       . 
Rootstocks       .... 

Varieties 

Location  Best  for  Walnuts 
Planting  the  Grove  . 
Cultivation      .... 
Intercropping 


PAGE 

21 

21 
23 
33 
33 

35 
35 


Irrigation 

Pruning 

Fertilizers 

Top-Working 

Disease  and  Insect  Pests 
Combating  Disease  and  Insect  Pests 


PAGE 
35 
35 
39 

4i 
42 

45 


CHAPTER  THREE 

California  Walnut 


PAGE 

Harvesting 47 

Local  Packing-Houses 47 

Eliminating  Imperfect  Nuts 47 

Bleaching 55 

Grading 55 

Inspection 56 

The  Standard  for  First-Grade  Nuts     ...  57 

Marketing  Proper 57 

"What  the  California  Walnut  Growers 

Association  Is 58 

Early  Marketing  Method 58 

Beginnings  of  Direct  Marketing        ...  59 

Formation  of  Association  Increases  Prices       .  59 


PAGE 
What  the  California  Walnut  Growers 

Association  Has  Done -59 

Diamond  Brand  (Trade-Mark)  .      60 

Guaranteed  Prices 60 

Quality  Guaranteed 60 

Distribution 61 

Cull  Walnuts  and  Walnut  Meats  .      .      .      .61 
"Diamond  Brand  News"  (House-Organ)  .      .      67 

Foreign  Information 67 

Membership  Department 67 

Advertising 68 

Selling  Cost 68 

Common  Benefits 69 

Conclusion .69 


A  MONARCH  OF  THE  GROVE 


THE  CALIFORNIA  WALNUT 

W.  £.  Qoodspeed 


Field  'Department 

(California  Walnut  Qrowers  ^Association 


CHAPTER  ONE 


THE  record  of  the  Persian  walnut  as 
a  food  of  excellence  goes  back  into 
history  for  many  centuries.  The  Per- 
sians utilized  its  attractive  qualities  in  their 
early  commerce  with  the  Europeans;  the 
Greeks  immortalized  its  delicate  flavor  in 
song  and  story;  the  Romans  deified  it,  call- 
ing it  "The  Nut  of  the  Gods,"  "Jupiter's 
Acorn."  More  modern  man  has  long  valued 
it  as  one  of  Nature's  most  gratifying  foods, 
and  today  the  walnut  takes  its  place  among 
the  leading  articles  of  daily  consumption — a 
food  product  rich  in  nutriment  and  delicious 
of  flavor,  the  acme  of  wholesome  diet. 

The  Persian  walnut  is  a  handsome  tree  of 
noble  proportions.  It  is  thrifty,  healthy,  and 
rapid-growing,  with  a  tall,  clean  trunk  of 
light  color.  Its  wide-spreading  top  and  dense 
foliage  have  made  it  popular  as  a  shade  and 
street  tree;  its  wonderful  productivity  and 
extreme  longevity  have  made  it  the  basis  of 
a  thriving  industry. 

The  nuts  are  borne  in  clusters  of  two  or 
three;  often  in  greater  number.  They  are  en- 
veloped in  fleshy  green  husks  which  open  up 
and  allow  the  nuts  to  drop  out  when  mature. 

With  its  probable  origin  in  Persia  and  con- 


temporary cultivation  in  China  and  India, 
the  production  of  the  walnut  has  spread 
throughout  all  the  western  and  southern 
countries  of  Europe,  the  United  States,  Chile, 
and  other  temperate  regions.  In  the  United 
States  the  cultivation  of  the  Persian  walnut 
is  chiefly  confined  to  California.  It  is  com- 
monly misnamed  the  English  walnut,  prob- 
ably because  in  the  early  history  of  commerce 
the  Asiatics  used  the  nut  as  an  article  of  trade 
with  the  Britons.  The  walnut  has  never  been 
grown  on  a  commercial  scale  in  England; 
consequently,  the  term  "English  Walnut"  is 
a  misnomer.  If  commerce  demands  a  popular 
name,  it  is  fitting  that  this  nut  be  known  as 
the  "California  Walnut" ;  thus  giving  it  the 
name  of  the  region  which  is  foremost  in  its 
production  and  which  furnishes  commerce  a 
nut  of  the  highest  quality. 

THE  WALNUT  IN  CALIFORNIA 

THIS   marketable   species   of  walnut 
may  have  been  first  planted  in  Cali- 
fornia by  the  Mission  Fathers;  but  it 
was  not  until  the  "gold  rush"  and  the  influx 
of  Americans  in  1849  that  the  walnut  was 
planted  at  all  extensively.  The  present  wal- 


IO 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


"''**»-      wr-' 
•  ..       ,       *r~ 


(ABOVE)  ITS  BEAUTY  OF  LINE  AND  SPREAD  MAKE  THE  WALNUT  A  FAVORITE  SHADE  TREE 
(BELOW)  AS  A  BORDER  FOR  STREETS  AND  DRIVEWAYS  IT  is  UNSURPASSED 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    -WALNUT 


1  I 


THE  NUTS  ARE  BORNE  IN  CLUSTERS  OF  TWO  TO  THREE 
AND  OFTEN  MORE 


nut  industry  is  of  comparatively  recent  origin, 
dating  back  to  the  introduction  of  the  Santa 
Barbara  soft-shell  in  1867  and  the  French 
varieties  in  1871.  From  these  beginnings  the 
industry  has  gradually  grown  until  today 
California  produces  97  per  cent  of  the  na- 
tion's walnut  crop. 

EXTENT  OF  THE  CALIFORNIA 
WALNUT  INDUSTRY 

WALNUTS  are  now  grown  on  the 
commercial    scale   in    the   Pacific 
Northwest,  and  there  are  a  number 
of  notable  instances  of  walnut  culture  in  the 
Eastern  states  as  well.  However,  the  fact  that 
the  walnut  tree  shows  its  preference  for  the 
soil  and  climatic  conditions  of  California  is 
borne  out  by  the  following  facts : 

Over  65,000  acres  are  planted  to  walnuts' 
in  the  state  of  California,  giving  nearly  one 
and  one-half  million  walnut  trees.  These  65,- 
ooo  acres  represent  an  investment  of  more 


than  $60,000,000.00.  The  annual  crop  for 
the  past  few  years  has  ranged  from  32,000,- 
ooo  to  40,000,000  pounds  of  marketable 
nuts.  The  production  for  1918  was  approxi- 
mately 40,230,680  pounds.  The  output  for 
1919  is  expected  to  surpass  the  40,000,000- 
pound  mark  and  may  reach  50,000,000 
pounds.  These  figures  are  a  tribute  to  the  rich 
soil  and  abundant  sunshine  of  California,  and 
should  prove  highly  gratifying  to  those  whose 
progressive  cultural  methods  and  whole- 
hearted co-operation  have  made  this  develop- 
ment possible.  They  are  indeed  gratifying 
when  considered  from  the  standpoint  of  in- 
come. The  1918  walnut  crop  paid  the  Cali- 
fornia growers  approximately  $11,000,000. 
The  walnut  is  produced  over  almost  the  en- 
tire state,  but  the  commercial  industry  is 
centered  in  the  south.  Orange,  Los  Angeles, 
Ventura,  and  Santa  Barbara  counties  pro- 
duce by  far  the  bulk  of  the  California  walnut 
crop.  Riverside,  San  Joaquin,  and  Contra 


I  2 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


CALIFORNIA 


^VALNUT  ACREAGE 


Each  dot  represents 
1OO  acres  of  walnuts 


FIGURE  I 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


COMPARATIVE      FUEL     VALUE 


FOOD  CALORIES     PER      f>OL/A/D 

PRODUCT  200      400     600      800      1000      1200     1400     1600     1800.    2000     2200     2400    2600    2800    3000    3200 


POTATOES 


BEEFSTEAK 


WHEAT  FLOUR 


WALNUTS 


WALNUTS 


COMPARATIVE   COMPOSITION 
WHEAT  FLOUR  BEEFSTEAK 


POTATOES 


2.8% 
1.3% 


14.8% 


64.4% 


16.7% 


I  Proteins 


61.9% 


78.3% 


1.0% 

18.4% 

.1% 
2.2% 


Ash 


I       I  Wafer 


Costa,  counties  produce  a  considerable  ton- 
nage. (For  definite  information  on  distribu- 
tion of  plantings  see  Figure  i.) 

WONDERFUL  NUTRITIVE 
QUALITIES 

THE    fundamental    reasons    for   this 
marvelous  development,   from  such 
humble  and  recent  beginnings,   are 
many.  Chief  among  them,  however,  are  the 
wonderful  nutritive  qualities  and  the  stabil- 
ity of  the  nut  itself. 

To  secure  a  high  place  for  the  walnut  in 
the  realm  of  nutrient  foods,  it  was  but  nec- 
essary to  demonstrate,  by  analysis,  that  the 
walnut  contains  the  essential  elements  for 
human  nutrition  in  much  more  abundant 
quantities  than  any  other  article  of  daily  diet. 
The  analysis  has  long  since  been  made,  and 
it  is  a  proven  fact  that  a  pound  of  walnuts 
contains  more  proteins  than  a  pound  of  wheat 
flour  or  potatoes,  more  fats  and  carbohydrates 


than  a  pound  of  beefsteak,  and  has  more  fuel 
value  than  a  like  amount  of  either.  The  above 
mentioned  foods  contain  12.8  per  cent,  61.9 
per  cent  and  78.3  per  cent  of  water  respective- 
ly, whereas  the  walnut  contains  but  2.8  per 
cent,  which  means  that  the  purchaser  of  wal- 
nuts receives  more  real  food  to  the  pound. 
These  figures  can  be  readily  verified  by  refer- 
ring to  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Farmers  Bulletin  122. 

Many  like  comparisons  could  be  made,  all 
pointing  to  the  fact  that  the  walnut  is  a  much 
more  nutritious  and  economical  article  of  diet 
than  any  of  the  other  daily  consumed  prod- 
ucts. 

A  STAPLE  EVERY-DAY  FOOD 

WITH  these  facts  in  view,  it  is  not 
difficult  to  understand  why  the 
walnut,  formerly  a  dessert  or  salad 
delicacy,  has  now  taken  its  place  with  the 
staple  every-day  foods.  Formerly  the  walnut 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •  WALNUT 


„ 


was  held  in  reserve  and  used  only  during  the 
holiday  period,  but  today  the  housewife  uses 
it  as  a  substitute  for  many  other  nutrient 
foods  the  year  round.  It  is  estimated  that  40 
per  cent  of  the  walnut  crop  is  now  sold  after 
the  turn  of  the  year,  and  this  percentage  is 
increasing  as  housewives  are  being  educated 
to  the  almost  unlimited  possibilities  of  the 
walnut  for  adding  wholesome  variety  to  the 
every-day  menu. 

California  walnuts  are  generally  used  now 
in  place  of  meat  during  Lent  and  on  fast  days 
and  are  recommended  by  many  of  the  most 


MILLION 
POUNDS 

YEAR 
1909   1910     1911    I9IZ    1913  1914  1915   1916   I91T    1916 

8  A 

75 
70 
65 
60 
55 
50 
45 
40 
35 
30 
25 

eo 

15 

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Consumption 
Production 


NOTE — The  decreased  consumption  for  1918  is  due  to  decrease  in 
importations,  on  account  of  war  conditions 


prominent  physicians  and  sanitariums  as  an 
alternative  or  substitute  for  meat. 

The  walnut  enjoys  a  most  unique  distinc- 
tion among  tree  products,  inasmuch  as  it  can 
be  stored  for  a  year  or  more,  awaiting  dis- 
posal, without  loss  from  depreciation.  This 
feature  has  given  the  industry  a  stability  and 
freedom  from  speculation  that  is  not  enjoyed 
by  the  perishable  food  crops.  A  walnut  pro- 
duced is  money  earned,  without  the  anxiety 
of  probable  loss  in  storage  while  awaiting  a 
market. 

Another  advantage  that  the  walnut  pos- 
sesses is  found  in  the  fact  that  it  blooms  and 
bears  fruit  after  the  danger  from  frost  is  over. 
The  absence  of  the  "smudge  pot"  in  the  wal- 
nut industry  is  one  of  its  attractive  features. 
Even  in  California,  where  climatic  extremes 
are  practically  unknown,  this  quality  of  the 
tree  is  not  unappreciated. 

WALNUT  PRODUCTION  AS  A 
BUSINESS  IN  CALIFORNIA 

A  "CORDING  to  a  published  statement 
of  C.  Thorpe,  general  manager  of  the 
California  Walnut  Growers  Associa- 
tion, the  normal  consumption  of  walnuts  in 
the  United  States  is  now  around  70,000,000 
pounds  annually  and  is  increasing  rapidly. 

The  consumption  for  the  period  October, 
1917,  to  October,  19.18,  amounted  to  about 
74,000,000  pounds.  From  Government  sta- 
tistics, the  average  annual  import  of  walnuts 
(unshelled  and  shelled)  for  the  last  ten  years 
is  30,924,712  pounds.  The  average  annual 
California  crop  for  the  same  period  is  25,- 
375,000  pounds. 

Since?  California  produces  97  per  cent  of 
the  domestic  walnut  crop,  it  is  evident  that 
during  the  past  ten  years  our  imports  have  ex- 
ceeded our  domestic  production.!  This  fact 
forcibly  suggests  that  there  is  a  profitable  op- 
portunity for  increased  walnut  planting  in 
California  with  no  danger  of  over-produc- 
tion. This  fact  is  further  borne  out  by  the 
steady  increase  in  prices  during  the  last  fif- 
teen years. 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   'WALNUT 


(EXPRESSED  IN  POUNDS) 


California 
Production 


Computed  U.  S. 
Production 


g  Importations 


Consumption 
in  U.  S. 


Year 

1909  ....  l8,7OO,OOO  19,278,000  26,214,OOO 

1910  .      .      .      .  19,200,000  19,794,000  34,230,000  54,024,000 

1911  .      .      .      .  25,000,000  25,774,000  32,390,000  58,164,000 

1912  .      .    '  .      .  22,500,000  23,196,000  32,922,000  56,118,000 

1913  .      .      .      .  22,700,000  23,402,000  26,456,000  49,858,000 

1914  .      .      .-'•'.  17,800,000  18,350,000  27,770,000  46,120,000 

1915  ....  29,650,000  30,570,000  31,540,000  62,110,000 

1916  .....  29,200,000  30,104,000  36,056,000  66,160,000 

1917  .   .   .   .  33,000,000  34,020,000  40,416,000  74,436,000 

1918  .           .           .          V  40,230,680  41,474,928  *2 1,248,000  *62,722,928 
^Reduction  due  to  restricted  importations  through  lack  of  transportation  from  Europe. 


LAND  VALUES 

THE  valuation  of  walnut  land  and 
land  planted  to  walnuts  varies  wide- 
ly in  different  localities  and  is  de- 
pendent largely  upon  soil  and  climatic  con- 
ditions,   which    either    increase    or    decrease 
profitableness.  With  land  already  planted  to 
walnuts,   there  is  the  added  factor  of  type 
and  condition  of  trees.  Geographic  location, 
of  course,  has  an  economic  bearing. 

Bare  land  under  irrigation  in  the  walnut 
sections  of  California,  suitable  for  planting, 
is  held  at  from  $600.00  to  $1000.00  an  acre 
(av.erage  from  the  replies  of  922  growers, 
$733.41).  Land  planted  to  walnuts,  not  yet 
in  bearing,  is  valued  at  from  $800.00  to 
$1200.00  an  acre.  Bearing  walnut  properties 
can  be  purchased  from  $900.00  to  $2000.00 
per  acre.  Several  mature  walnut  groves  have 
recently  changed  hands  for  $1500.00  an  acre. 
Nine  hundred  twenty-two  growers,  in  vari- 
ous localities,  recently  placed  an  average  val- 
uation of  $995.00  on  their  non-bearing  wal- 
nut plantings  and  an  average  of  $1299.02 
per  acre  on  their  bearing  groves. 


PERIOD  OF  BEARING 

THE  walnut  usually  comes  into  bear- 
ing at  from  five  to  nine  years  from 
time  of  planting.  A  recent  survey  of 
some  12,000  acres  of  walnuts,  producing  un- 
der varying  conditions,  gives  eight  years  as 
the  average  time  to  arrive  at  profitable  bear- 
ing. With  good  treatment  a  walnut  tree  will 
bear  indefinitely.  There  are  trees  in  France 
and  other  parts  of  the  Old  World  which  are 
known  to  have  been  producing  for  hundreds 
of  years.  Many  trees  in  California  are  pro- 
ducing bounteous  crops  at  fifty  years  of  age 
and  over.  With  good  cultural  care,  the  older 
the  walnut  tree  becomes,  the  greater  is  its 
productivity.  Of  the  California  groves  old 
enough  to  base  judgment  on,  the  oldest  trees 
in  the  grove  are  producing  the  heaviest. 

YIELD 

THERE    are    commercial    walnut 
groves    in    the    state    of    California 
which  produce  over  a  ton  of  mar- 
ketable walnuts  to  the  acre  annually.  There 


i6 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •  WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  THE  WALNUT  A  "TAX-PAYER"  FOR  AN  ORANGE  GROVE 
(BELOW)  THERE  is  NO  PICTURE  MORE  RESTFUL  THAN  THAT  PRESENTED  BY  THE  CALM, 

SHADOWY  DEPTHS  OF  A  WALNUT  GROVE 


at  THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


CLOSE    VIEW    OF    A    WELL-LOADED 

CALIFORNIA  WALNUT  TREE   FOUR 

MONTHS  BEFORE  THE  NUTS  HAVE 

MATURED 


THE    NUTS   ARE   ENVELOPED   IN 
HULLS    WHICH    OPEN    AND   AL- 
LOW THE  NUTS  TO  DROP  WHEN 
MATURE 


i8 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  A  SIXTEEN-YEAR-OLD  WALNUT  TREE  NEAR  WHITTIER,  CALIFORNIA 

(BELOW)  MANY  MILES  OF  CALIFORNIA'S  FINE  ROADS  ARE  BORDERED 

WITH  STATELY  WALNUT  GROVES 


«e  THE    'CALIFORNIA-  WALNUT   A€?                                            I  9 

/ 

230% 
220 
210 
200 
190 
180 
170 
160 
150 
140 
130 
120 
110 
100 
90 

1909        1910           1911           1912           1913           1914        19] 

5            191 

.6            1917            IQIft 

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Production 
Price 

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THE  INCREASE  IN  WALNUT  PRICES  HAS  KEPT  PACE  WITH  THE  INCREASE  IN  WALNUT  PRODUCTION 

are  many  that  produce  over   1000  pounds. 
The  actual   1918  yield  of  the  922  growers 
referred  to  above  gave  949  pounds  per  acre 
for  trees  over  twelve  years  of  age,  and  an 
average   of  500   pounds  per  acre  for   trees 
from  seven  to  twelve  years  old.  A  safe  esti- 
mate for  business  purposes  is  900  to   1200 
pounds  per  year,  per  acre,  for  mature  trees. 

PRICES  RECEIVED  FOR  WALNUTS 

THE  prices  here  quoted  are  f.o.b.  at 
point  of  shipment,  and  represent  ap- 
proximately i  1/2  cents  a  pound  more 
than  actually  received  by  the  grower;  this 
difference  being  the  net  cost  of  grading,  pack- 
ing and  marketing  the  product  for  those  grow- 
ers who  are  members  of  the  California  Wal- 
nut Growers  Association. 
The  opening  f.o.b.  prices  of  the  California 
Walnut  Growers  Association  for  1918,  were: 

No.  i  Soft  Shell                 28c  per  pound 
No.  2  Soft  Shell                 250  per  pound 

I 

g 
J 

1 

the 

P 

Yea 
19C 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 

"ancy  Bi 
itandard 
umbos 

"hese  pr 
selling  s 

>RODU 
PE1 

r 
Q.  . 

idded               3  1  Y*  c  Per  pound 
Budded              2gc  per  pound 
3  ic  per  pound 

ices  were  maintained  throughout 

season. 
s 

CTION  AND  PRICES  FOR 
UOD  OF  TEN  YEARS 

Price                     Price 
Per  Pound          Per  Pound 
No.  i                    Fancy 
Production                   Soft  Shell   '          Budded 
(Pounds)                       (Cents)                (Cents) 

l8,7OO,OOO                  11-5                  15.O 
19,2OO,OOO                  15.O                  17.5 
25,OOO,OOO                  14.O                  l6.5 
22,5OO,OOO                  14.O                  l6.5 
22,70O,OOO                  l6.O                  19.O 
17,80O,OOO               16.5              2O.O 
29,650,000                  13.6                  17.0 
29,200,000                  15.5                  19.0 
33,OOO,OOO                  20.  1                  24.  1 
4.0,230,000                  28.0                 31.5 

'rices  f.  o.  b.  California 

O  

1  ' 

2  

6  

8.  , 

F 

20 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


EXPENSE  OF  OPERATION 

THE  above-mentioned  survey  of  922 
growers,    representing   about    12,000 
acres  of  walnuts,  is  used  as  a  basis 
for  the  following  figures:  Cost  of  trees  and 
setting  out  per  acre  ranged  from  $20.00  to 
$50.00;    average   of   plantings,    $28.40. 
Budded  trees  cost  from  $1.00  to  $1.50  per 
tree,  so  the  expense  of  starting  an  acre  at 
this    time   would  be    nearer   $^o.oo    than 

$20.00. 

Annual  cost  of  maintenance  before  bear- 
ing, including  taxes,  ranged  between  $20.00 
and  $70.00  per  acre,  average  $42.00  on  plant- 
ings of  20  acres  and  larger;  and  between 
$25.00  and  $75.00  with  an  average  of  $47.00 
on  plantings  of  from  i  to  20  acres.  The  aver- 
age of  all  plantings  considered  was  $45.00. 
With  the  use  of  intercrops  this  is  often  re- 
duced to  a  negligible  amount. 


The  average  total  cost  of  planting  the 
grove  and  bringing  into  profitable  bearing 
of  922  growers  was  $257.65  per  acre. 

The  annual  cost  of  operation  of  a  bear- 
ing grove,  including  all  cost  such  as  irrigat- 
ing, fertilizing,  cultivation,  pruning,  harvest- 
ing, taxes,  etc.,  ran  from  $32.00  to  $100.00 
per  acre  with  an  average  of  $61.00  for  plant- 
ings of  20  acres  and  over.  This  cost  increased 
as  the  acreage  decreased.  A  safe  estimate  for 
business  purposes  puts  the  normal  cost  of  op- 
eration between  $40.00  and  $60.00  per  acre. 

The  average  cost  of  packing  and  marketing 
to  members  of  the  California  Walnut  Grow- 
ers Association  is  about  1 1/2  cents  per  pound, 
or,  based  on  a  yield  of  1000  pounds  per  acre, 
$15.50  per  acre.  This  item  amounted  to  5 
per  cent  of  the  selling  price  for  the  1918  crop 
or  1^/2  cents  per  pound.  This  5  per  cent  was 
distributed,  3  per  cent  to  the  central  associa- 
tion and  2  per  cent  to  the  local  association. 


INCOME  TO  BE  DERIVED  FROM  CALIFORNIA  WALNUTS 


Yield  per  acre 
Valuation  per  acre 


Gross  income  (  i ) 

Annual  cost  of  operation  per  acre  (2) 
Cost  of  packing  and  marketing 
Total  expenses       .... 


Net  income 


Interest  on  valuation 


Safe  Estimate 
for 
Business  Purposes 

Income  Which 
Competent  Men  May 
Hope  to  Obtain 

Income  Not 
Infrequently  Obtained 
Under 
Favorable  Conditions 

1,000  Ibs. 
$1,100.00 

1,500  Ibs. 
$1,500.00 

2,000  Ibs. 
$1,800.00 

$163.70 
$60.00 

15-50 

75-50 

$245-55 
$50.00 

22.50 
72.50 

$327.40 
$55.00 
30.00 
85.00 

$88.20 

$173.05 

$242.40 

8.02% 

11.54% 

13.47% 

(1)  Based  on  average  selling  price  of  No.  i  Soft  Shell  for  last  ten  years— 16.37  cent|5 
per  pound.  The  average  selling  price  for  the  next  ten  years  will  probably  be 
higher. 

(2)  All  costs,  including  irrigating,  fertilizing,  cultivation,  pruning,  harvesting,  taxes, 
etc. 


CHAPTER  TWO 


(Culture  of  the  California  IValnut 


THE  creation  of  a  superior  food  prod- 
uct from  the  elements  of  soil  and 
atmosphere  affords  an  interesting  oc- 
cupation and  should  make  a  narrative  well 
worth  the  reading.  Modern  walnut  production 
is  not  a  monotonous  succession  of  soil-tilling, 
seed-sowing,  and  bounteous  harvest-gather- 
ing. The  production  of  the  California  walnut 
takes  as  much  time,  thought,  and  intelligence 
as  any  other  business  concerned  with  the  pro- 
duction of  quality  goods. 

As  a  matter  of  interest  to  those  who  are 
unfamiliar  with  the  California  walnut  in- 
dustry and  as  a  possible  source  of  informa- 
tion to  those  directly  interested,  the  follow- 
ing notes  on  culture  are  given. 

PROPAGATION 

THERE  are  various  possible  methods 
of  starting  a  walnut  orchard,  each  of 
which  has  had  its  era  of  popularity 
and  still  retains  supporters.  Within  the  last 
ten  or  fifteen  years  the  demand  has  increased 
for  nursery-grafted  trees  of  given  variety  on 
known  rootstock.  At  present  this  is  the  only 
method  of  propagation  to  be  recommended. 
The  black  walnut  for  rootstock  is  grown 
from  seed  in  the  nursery  for  a  period  of  one 
year.  Just  before  the  leaves  start  to  emerge 
in  the  spring,  the  one-year-old  seedling  is 
grafted  to  the  desired  variety  of  California 
walnut,  a  short  whip  graft  generally  being 
used.  The  union  is  made  fast  with  cotton 
twine  or  raffia,  and  hot  wax  is  applied  to  the 
graft  and  scion-tip  to  prevent  drying.  The 
danger  from  drying  out  is  further  safe-guard- 
ed against  by  covering  with  paper  or  hilling 


up  with  soil.  The  young  trees  resulting  are 
trained  to  stakes  as  a  support  for  their  supple 
growth.  The  tree  is  usually  grown  in  the  nurs- 
ery one  year  from  time  of  grafting,  at  which 
time  it  is  from  six  to  twelve  feet  high  and 
ready  for  transplanting.  The  demand  for  good 
trees  fluctuates  from  year  to  year,  but  the 
past  two  years  have  been  profitable  to  the 
walnut  nurserymen  because  demand  has  ex- 
ceeded the  supply. 

ROOTSTOCKS 

THE  general  requirements  for  a  root- 
stock  are  that  it  produce  a  vigorous, 
healthy,  and  productive  tree  under 
varied  conditions.  The  Persian  walnut  as  a 
rootstock  itself  has  been  discarded  because  it 
does  not  live  up  to  these  requirements.  The 
various  species  of  the  black  walnut  are  used 
entirely  for  commercial  rootstocks.  The  north- 
ern California  black  (Juglans  hmdsii)  is  con- 
sidered with  the  most  favor.  It  produces  a 
strong,  vigorous  tree  which  will  withstand 
adverse  soil  and  moisture  conditions  to  a 
profitable  degree.  This  species  is  a  native  of 
northern  California  and  is  easily  obtained. 

The  southern  California  black  (J.  calif  or- 
nica),  though  once  popular,  is  little  used  at 
present,  due  to  the  fact  that  it  produces  a  less 
vigorous  root  system  than  the  northern  species 
and  starts  growth  earlier  in  the  spring  than 
the  Persian  walnut,  thus  causing  profuse 
sucker  ing.  Trees  planted  to  this  species  are  in- 
clined to  tip  over  when  subjected  to  strong 
prevailing  winds. 

The  Eastern  black  ( J .  nigra)  is  little  used, 
since  it  produces  a  less  vigorous  tree  than  the 


22 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


NURSERY  PRACTICES:  (A)  MAKING  THE  CLEFT.    (B)  THE  SCION  UNITED  WITH 

STOCK.      (c)   TIED  AND  READY  FOR  WAXING.      (D)   A  NATIVE  SEEDLING  BEFORE 
GRAFTING.      (E)   A  NURSERY-GRAFTED  TREE,  DISPLAYING  GOOD  UNION  AND  EX- 
TENSIVE ROOT  SYSTEM 


THE   •    CALIFORNIA   •   WALNUT 


A  WALNUT  NURSERY,  SHOWING  NATIVE  SEEDLINGS  IN  THEIR  FIRST  SUMMER 


California  species.  Some  nurserymen  advo- 
cate the  use  of  the  Royal  Hybrid,  the  name 
commonly  given  the  cross  between  Eastern 
black  and  either  of  the  California  species. 
This  stock  gives  a  strong-growing  tree,  sup- 
posedly resistant  to  excessive  soil  moisture 
and  other  unfavorable  soil  conditions. 

Paradox  Hybrid,  which  is  a  first-genera- 
tion cross  between  the  Persian  walnut  and 
any  of  the  "blacks,"  makes  an  exceptionally 
large  and  vigorous  growth  and  in  respect  to 
merit  as  a  rootstock  is  unsurpassed.  How- 
ever, it  is  impractical  from  the  nurseryman's 
viewpoint,  as  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  in  whole- 
sale quantities. 

VARIETIES 

ORIGINAL  walnut  plantings  in  Cali- 
fornia were  of  hard-shell  seedlings. 
These  were  later  superseded  by  the 
Santa  Barbara  soft-shell  seedlings,  of  which  a 
large  acreage  is  still  producing.  Most  of  the 


plantings  which  have  been  made  in  the  last  ten 
years  are  of  the  budded  varieties,  of  which 
the  Placentia  is  the  most  popular.  The  Eureka 
has  gained  considerable  prestige  since  its  com- 
paratively recent  introduction  and  has  been 
more  extensively  planted  than  any  other  vari- 
ety (except  the  Placentia)  in  all  southern 
California  localities.  It  is  safe  to  say  that 
the  planting  of  these  two  varieties  during 
the  past  few  years  more  than  equals  the  plant- 
ings of  all  other  varieties  combined  for  the 
same  period.  In  the  central  and  northern  Cali- 
fornia counties  the  Franquette,  Mayette,  and 
Concord  varieties  predominate  and  are  per- 
haps better  suited  to  the  northern  climatic 
conditions. 

The  Placentia  is  of  the  Santa  Barbara  soft- 
shell  type.  It  has  an  attractive,  well-formed, 
thin  shell,  with  a  plump  meat  of  pleasing  ap- 
pearance, excellent  quality,  and  exquisite 
flavor.  The  proportion  of  meat  to  the  entire 
weight  of  the  nut  is  high,  running  50  per  cent 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •  WALNUT 


-*  ''/ 


PLACENTIA,  ACTUAL  SIZE 


CALIFORNIA    •   WALN  U  T 


EHRHARDT 


and  over.  The  tree  is  easily  propagated,  a 
vigorous  grower,  precocious,  and  is  very  pro- 
ductive. Its  good  quality  and  extreme  pro- 
ductivity are  sufficient  to  rank  it  high  in  the 
list  of  varieties.  From  all  points  of  view  it  is 
considered  the  most  profitable  variety  for 
southern  California.  This  variety  is  suscepti- 
ble to  blight;  no  more  so,  however,  than  the 
Santa  Barbara  seedlings. 

The  Ehrhardt  is  a  newly  introduced  vari- 
ety which  has  all  the  characteristics  of  the 
Placentia  with  the  added  merit  of  being  more 
resistant  to  blight.  In  the  one  instance,  where 
observation  has  been  possible,  this  variety  has 
been  nearly  free  from  blight;  whereas  the 
Placentia  and  seedlings  of  the  same  age, 
grown  beside  it,  have  been  badly  affected 
with  the  disease.  The  quality,  cracking  aver- 
age, and  general  attractive  appearance  of  the 
Ehrhardt  is  higher  than  that  of  the  Placentia. 
The  Association's  Field  Department  has 
helped  distribute  trees  of  this  variety  to  the 


growers  in  various  walnut  sections  for  com- 
parative trial  planting  with  the  Placentia  and 
Eureka,  and  it  is  expected  that  the  result  of 
these  trials  will  place  the  Ehrhardt  above  the 
Placentia  and  make  it  the  leading  variety  of 
southern  California. 

The  Eureka  is  an  attractive  walnut  of  the 
highest  quality.  It  is  a  large  oblong  nut  with 
handsome  well-sealed  shell,  attractive  meat, 
and  excellent  flavor.  In  the  south  it  has  been 
slow  to  come  into  bearing,  but,  judging  from 
the  original  tree,  it  makes  up  for  this  de- 
ficiency by  heavy  production  at  maturity.  Its 
tendency  toward  late  blooming  and  early 
ripening  makes  it  a  very  satisfactory  variety 
for  northern  planting.  It  is  at  least  as  free 
from  blight  as  any  other  established  variety 
and  is  generally  healthy  and  vigorous.  It 
does  best  on  a  good  rich  soil,  where  plenty  of 
moisture  is  available,  but  has  a  tendency  to 
form  imperfectly  developed  meats.  To  offset 
this  tendency  an  extra  irrigation  should  be 


26 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   -WALNUT 


EUREKA,  ACTUAL  SIZE 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •   WALNUT 


27 


FRANQUETTE,  ACTUAL  SIZE 


28 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   'WALNUT 


CHASE,  ACTUAL  SIZE 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


CONCORD,  ACTUAL  SIZE 


•    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


NEFF,  ACTUAL  SIZE 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    'WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  PROLIFIC,  ACTUAL  SIZE.  (BELOW)  SAN  JOSE,  ACTUAL  SIZE 


32  «?  THE    'CALIFORNIA*  WALNUT 


o  o  o  o 


60 


0600 


O  O  O  O 


oooo 


oooo 


EARLY-BEARING  VARIETIES  AS   FILLERS 

O    LATE-BEARING  VARIETIES  ROWS  60  FEET  APART 

-(-    EARLY-BEARING  VARIETIES  TREES  30  FEET  APART 

PERMANENT  TREES  60  FEET  BY  60  FEET 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


applied  toward  the  latter  half  of  August  or 
early  September. 

The  Prolific,  Chase,  El  Monte,  Concord, 
Neff,  Payne,  and  a  few  other  varieties  are 
producing  profitably  in  various  walnut  sec- 
tions of  California,  while  the  French  varie- 
ties, chiefly  represented  by  the  Franquette 
and  Mayette,  are  a  source  of  profit  in  regions 
of  short  growing  season.  All  of  the  varieties 
named  are  good  commercial  nuts,  each  one 
possessing  certain  qualities  in  which  it  sur- 
passes its  rivals. 

LOCATION  BEST  FOR  WALNUTS 

SUCCESS  with  walnuts  depends  upon 
soil,  climatic  and  soil-moisture  condi- 
tions. The  soil  best  adapted  is  a  good 
loam  with  plenty  of  humus.  Although  this 
crop  is  profitably  grown  on  the  lighter  soils 
with  silt  or  loam  subsoils,  it  favors  the 
heavier  loams.  Groves  planted  on  light  sandy 
soils  are  a  source  of  continual  worry.  Those 
with  an  underlying  layer  of  hardpan  or  a 
fluctuating  water-table  within  5  or  6  feet 
from  the  surface,  are  short-lived.  Although 
good  drainage  is  imperative,  irrigation  is  nec- 
essary in  most  sections  for  the  best  results. 

While  there  are  walnut  varieties  which 
produce  in  localities  of  short  season  and  low 
winter  temperature,  the  most  favorable  loca- 
tion for  commercial  walnuts  is  one  of  long 
growing  season  and  moderate  winters.  Add 
to  this  a  relative  high  humidity,  and  you  have 
an  ideal  location  for  walnut  plantings.  Favor- 
able climatic  conditions  must,  of  course,  be 
supplemented  with  adequate  water  supply. 

The  industry  has  developed  faster  through- 
out the  coast  regions  but  recently  has  spread 
to  the  interior.  The  high  humidity  and  small 
daily  range  of  temperature  prevalent  in  the 
coastal  sections  are  apparently  more  favor- 
able to  this  crop,  especially  to  the  varieties  of 
the  Santa  Barbara  soft-shell  type.  Other 
varieties  are  being  developed  by  the  Field 
Department  of  the  California  Walnut  Grow- 
ers Association  which  may  be  better  suited 
to  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  inland  sec- 
tions. Inland  plantings  are  less  subject  to 
blight  than  those  of  the  humid  coast  regions. 


PLANTING  THE  GROVE 

IMPORTANCE  is  attached  to  the  tree 
obtained  for  planting  purposes.  A  stocky 
tree  of  from  6  to  10  feet  in  height,  of 
good  diameter  and  a  vigorous,  healthy  root 
system,  should  prove  satisfactory.  Such  trees 
can  be  obtained  from  nurserymen  at  a  cost  of 
from  $1.00  to  $1.50  apiece.  Good  trees,  even 
at  a  higher  cost,  prove  the  cheapest  in  the 
end.  Trees  are  usually  headed  back  to  5  or  6 
feet  at  planting. 

Trees  of  the  present  plantings  range  from 
40  to  60  feet  apart,  but  experience  has  proved 
that  a  distance  of  60  feet  between  trees  gives 
the  best  results.  The  walnut  makes  a  vigor- 
ous growth,  and  if  planted  closer  than  60 
feet  the  trees  will  crowd  when  mature,  the 
sunlight  is  excluded  from  a  large  portion  of 
each  tree,  and  the  bearing  surface  materially 
reduced.  This  results  in  a  reduction  of  crop. 
This  contention  is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that 
in  closer  plantings  the  outside  trees  bear  ap- 
preciably more  than  those  inside  the  grove 
where  the  sunlight  is  excluded.  Actual  com- 
parisons by  the  Field  Department  of  the 
California  Walnut  Growers  Association  be- 
tween crops  from  close  and  distant  plantings 
prove  that  though  more  distant  plantings  (60 
by  60  feet  for  permanent  trees)  are  more 
profitable  in  the  long  run,  the  returns  from 
6o-foot  permanent  plantings  are  increased  by 
planting  the  rows  60  feet  apart  and  the  trees 
30  feet  apart  in  the  rows,  with  the  intention 
of  removing  every  other  tree  in  the  row  when 
they  begin  to  crowd.  In  localities  where  such 
varieties  as  the  Eureka  and  Franquette  do 
well,  it  is  advisable  to  plant  these  less  pre- 
cocious varieties  60  by  60  feet  with  varie- 
ties such  as  the  Placentia  and  Ehrhardt,  which 
come  into  profitable  bearing  five  or  six  years 
after  planting,  as  fillers  in  the  rows.  When 
the  proper  time  arrives  the  early-bearing  vari- 
eties can  be  removed,  leaving  a  good  6o-foot 
planting  of  the  desired  type.  This  practice  is 
followed  with  very  satisfactory  results.  Some 
growers  even  plant  30  by  30  feet  with  the 
intention  of  removing  first  every  other  row 
and  later  every  other  tree.  This  practice  can 


34 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  W  A  L  N  U  T 


• 


. 

, 


ulu.  u  uaut 


.  t » «  M  »•  u  uu  iiim 


(ABOVE)  THE  NECESSITY  OF  DISTANT  PLANTING  BECOMES  APPARENT  WHEN  THE 

TREES  ARE  FULL  GROWN 
(BELOW)  A  CALIFORNIA  WALNUT  GROVE  IN  CLEAN  CULTURE 


•    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


only  be  recommended  if  the  grower  will  have 
the  moral  courage  to  remove  the  trees  at  the 
proper  time,  or  if  the  soil  is  strong  enough  to 
support  the  added  trees  profitably.  In  the 
majority  of  cases,  the  grower  hasn't  the  moral 
courage  to  remove  the  trees  when  the  time 
comes. 

Interpl anting  with  deciduous  fruits  is 
practiced  in  some  sections,  but  usually  to  the 
disadvantage  of  the  walnut  but  with  pos- 
sible profit  to  the  grower. 

CULTIVATION 

SATISFACTORY  method  of  soil  han- 
dling is  most  prevalent  where  clean 
culture  is  combined  with  winter  cover- 
crops.  Such  crops  as  Melilotus  clover,  purple 
vetch,  and  horsebeans  make  good  covercrops 
if  properly  handled.  These  leguminous  crops 
add  nitrogen  to  the  soil  and  improve  its  me- 
chanical condition.  The  covercrop  is  usually 
planted  immediately  after  harvest  and  plowed 
under  to  a  good  depth  during  the  latter  part 
of  March  or  in  April.  The  soil  is  well  broken 
up  with  disk  and  harrow  and  kept  in  good 
tilth  throughout  the  summer. 


WITH  the  present  practice  of  distant 
planting  in  vogue,  intercropping  is 
resorted  to  as  a  means  of  support- 
ing the  walnuts  before  they  come  into  profit- 
able bearing  and  increasing  the  profitableness 
of  older  groves.  In  localities  where  beans  do 
well,  interplanting  with  this  crop  has  proved 
very  advantageous  and  remunerative.  Good 
returns  are  derived  from  the  beans,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  beans,  being  a  leguminous  crop, 
add  nitrogen  to  the  soil.  The  straw  plowed 
under,  and  even  the  bean  roots,  add  humus 
to  the  soil  and  improve  its  mechanical  con- 
dition. The  cultivations  given  intercrops  bene- 
fit the  trees  as  well. 

On  a  strong  soil,  where  plenty  of  irrigation 
water  is  available,  intercropping  with  winter 
vegetables  such  as  lettuce  and  cabbage  has 
proven  a  desirable  practice.  The  use  of  corn 
or  other  grains  as  an  intercrop  is  absolutely 
unsatisfactory,  as  these  intercrops  draw  too 


much  nutriment  from  the  soil,  and  alfalfa  is 
only  to  be  recommended  where  abundant 
water  is  available  for  irrigation  purposes.  If 
alfalfa  is  used  as  an  intercrop,  A  GOOD  DIS- 
TANCE OF  CULTIVATED  GROUND  SHOULD  BE 
LEFT  BETWEEN  THE  INTERCROP  AND  THE 

TREE  ROWS,  and  this  cultivated  strip  kept 
well  irrigated. 

IRRIGATION 

IRRIGATION  water  is  applied  to  the 
trees  by  the  use  of  the  furrow  system 
in  most  cases.  In  a  few  instances  the 
basin  system  is  resorted  to.  Each  irrigation 
should  penetrate  5  to  8  feet  from  the  sur- 
face to  reach  the  entire  root  system.  Time, 
amount,  and  frequency  of  irrigations  depend 
upon  rainfall,  climatic  conditions,  and  water- 
holding  capacity  of  the  soil.  Two  to  five 
irrigations  are  given.  They  are  usually  ap- 
plied in  May,  June,  July,  and  August, 
when  the  nuts  are  being  formed  and  ma- 
tured. The  best  irrigation  practice  includes 
an  irrigation  in  the  middle  of  the  dormant 
season,  as  early  as  January  or  the  fore  part  of 
February.  January  irrigation  is  particularly 
necessary  in  years  of  light  rainfall.  If  the 
rainfall  before  the  first  of  the  year  has  not 
come  up  to  normal,  a  January  irrigation  will 
prove  good  insurance  against  a  possible 
drought.  Winter  irrigation  lessens  the  possi- 
bility of  winter  injury  and  assures  an  early 
and  steady  growth  in  the  spring.  An  irriga- 
tion a  week  or  two  before  harvest  facilitates 
the  opening  of  the  shucks  at  harvest-time. 
An  additional  irrigation  is  sometimes  given  in 
the  fall  after  the  leaves  are  off  the  trees,  to 
put  the  trees  in  good  condition  for  the  winter 
and  thus  reduce  the  danger  from  winter  in- 
jury. From  12-  to  24-acre  inches  are  applied 
throughout  the  year.  Some  growers  apply  as 
high  as  3O-acre  inches. 

PRUNING 

A  SMALL  amount  of  pruning  is  prac- 
ticed, usually  no  more  than  the  re- 
moval of  the  lower  branches  which 
interfere  with  cultivation.  A  certain  amount 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


..i^i  i  •  -/.d'^*;  2i 


LrA^l^P 


(ABOVE)  A  LEGUMINOUS  COVERCROP  READY  TO  BE  PLOWED  UNDER 
(BELOW)  THE  TRACTOR  is  BEING  USED  TOADVANTAGE  IN  WALNUT  CULTIVATION 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


37 


i,      51 


(ABOVE)  WINTER  CABBAGE  AS  AN  INTERCROP;  A  GOOD  PRACTICE  ON  STRONG  SOIL 

WHERE  AN  ABUNDANCE  OF  IRRIGATION  WATER  IS  AVAILABLE 

(BELOW)  LETTUCE  AS  AN  INTERCROP 


THE   •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  IRRIGATION  IN  PROGRESS 

(BELOW)  IMMEDIATELY  AFTER  IRRIGATION.  IRRIGATING  WALNUT  TREES  BY 
MEANS  OF  THE  FURROW  SYSTEM 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


39 


THE  LOW-HANGING  LIMBS  ARE  PRUNED  OFF  TO  FACILITATE  ORCHARD  OPERATIONS 


of  thinning  is  beneficial,  since  it  exposes  a 
greater  surface  to  the  sunlight  and  increases 
fruitfulness.  However,  to  date,  no  special 
system  of  pruning  has  been  developed;  but 
experiments  which  will  definitely  settle  the 
matter  of  pruning  are  being  carried  on  in 
the  principal  walnut-growing  sections  by  the 
Field  Department  of  the  California  Walnut 
Growers  Association.  All  the  known  types  of 
pruning  are  being  practiced,  and  the  result- 
ing yields  and  vigor  of  tree  recorded.  The 
merits  of  the  various  pruning  methods  will, 
in  this  manner,  be  determined  on  a  practical 
basis  and  the  grower  apprized  of  the  best 
practices  to  follow,  with  the  benefits  he  may 
expect  as  a  result  of  his  labor. 

FERTILIZERS 

A   a   general    practice    throughout    the 
walnut  industry,  fertilizers  have  been 
confined  to  the  use  of  barnyard  ma- 
nure.  This  practice   is  commendable,   as   it 


adds  humus  to  the  soil,  makes  it  more  porous, 
and  thus  increases  its  power  of  water-absorp- 
tion and  retention.  It  also  adds  nitrogen  in 
a  form  available  for  plant  use.  The  same  re- 
sults are  obtained  by  plowing  under  legumi- 
nous covercrops. 

Commercial  fertilizers  have  been  tried  out 
in  a  few  instances,  but  with  indifferent  suc- 
cess. 

From  the  table  on  page  40  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  walnut  removes  a  smaller  amount  of 
the  principal  plant-food  elements  from  the 
soil  than  other  fruit  crops. 

These  figures  indicate  that  the  walnut  is 
not  as  exacting  in  its  fertility  requirements  as 
other  tree  crops.  However,  the  actual  extent 
of  its  fertility  demands  is  not  yet  known.  Two 
years  ago  the  Field  Department  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Walnut  Growers  Association,  in  co- 
operation with  the  University  of  California, 
commenced  investigations  along  these  lines: 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •   WALNUT 


PLANT  FOOD  ELEMENTS  WITHDRAWN  FROM  THE  SOIL  BY  FRUITS* 


(EXPRESSED  IN  POUNDS  PER  ACRE) 


Fruit 

Oranges    . 
Lemons    . 
Apricots 
Walnuts 


Amount  of  Crop 

16,300  Ibs. 
18,900  " 
10,000  " 
1,000  " 


Nitrogen 

28.23  Ibs. 
28.53    " 
19-73    " 

10.20      " 


Phosphoric  Acid 


Potash 


8.63  Ibs. 

34-39 

Ib 

11.52    " 

50.84 

« 

6.40    " 

29.00 

a 

2.78    " 

1.50 

(t 

*P reduction  from  Dean  Hunt  of  the  University  of  California.  Analysis  by  Colby 
in  California  Station  Report  of  1892  to  1897 


Plan    of 

COOPERATIVE  WALNUT  FERTILIZER  EXPERIMENT 


5o.nToa.auln  Fruit  Co.- 


TU.J  tm  ,  California 


NORTH      . 
14       15      16      17      II      II      20      U      K      a     14     K      26     27 


II     I)     30     }\      31      33  --34      35     St 


)f~    It     40     4)'    4Z.    43 


+      +      +     +     +      +      +     +     +     + 
Alfalfa. 

-I-OO   +   0+-OOOO 

-I-+    -H+-T-   +   +    +4-   + 


+    +    4    -K  +    +   +    + 

H   »  PI  0| 

OO-I-OOOOO 

44-+   +  +    +    4--I-- 

+  4-  b'°son  o  o  o  o  - 
-t  +  + 

N»  P,  Oj    *•   Kt  0 

+•   O 

•f  + 

4-  4-  o  o  b  "6  "6  o  o  o 

+--l-4   +   ++++-t-+- 
4-    O    O   O    O°"6'b    O    O   O 

4-   +    4-4++    +    -f4-  + 


T-     + 

+•  +• 
+•  +• 
-1- '  + 

+•  +  ++  +  +  + 

N  •    P,  O,     r    Kt  0 

+   OOOOOOO 

+  ••++.+  +  4-  +  +- 


ig  h 


p.L.n.  i.r  I,ri,ali.n 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


(LEFT)   CHANGING  THE  VARIETY  OF  A  PERSIAN  WALNUT,  SHOWING  THE  LIMB 

STUBS  WITH  SCIONS  INSERTED.  THE  TRUNK  IS  WHITEWASHED  TO  PROTECT  IT  FROM 

SUNBURN.     (RIGHT)  PAPER  BAGS  ARE  PLACED  OVER  THE  NEWLY-INSERTED  SCIONS 

TO  PROTECT  THEM  FROM  SUN  AND  DAMPNESS 


At  present  three  separate  fertilizer  projects 
are  being  carried  on  in  Tustin,  El  Monte,  and 
Santa  Paula,  respectively.  Each  of  these  ex- 
periments comprises  a  planting  of  from  30  to 
50  acres,  divided  into  plots,  each  of  which  is 
given  a  different  kind  and  amount  of  fertil- 
izer. Check  plots  are  maintained  which  are 
given  no  fertilizer.  The  complete  fertilizer 
used  for  mature  trees  in  these  experiments 
consists  of  30  pounds  of  dried  blood,  21 
pounds  superphosphate,  and  8.4  pounds  of 
potash  per  tree  annually.  In  the  plots  treated 
with  barnyard  manure  30  cubic  feet  of  ma- 
nure per  mature  tree  is  applied  annually.  An 
exact  record  of  growth  and  production  of  each 
tree  in  the  experiment  is  kept. 

With  the'  continuation  of  these  experi- 
ments, the  Association's  Field  Department 
will  eventually  be  able  to  inform  the  growers 
of  the  exact  economic  benefits  to  be  derived 
from  the  use  of  various  fertilizers,  and  the 
amounts  to  use  in  order  to  get  the  maximum 
results. 


TOP-WORKING 

TOP- WORKING  is  often  resorted  to 
for  the  purpose  of  changing  varie- 
ties and  even  species  of  the  walnut. 
Young  and  mature  native  "blacks"  are  often 
grafted  to  the  California  walnut  with  the  re- 
sult of  converting  a  merely  ornamental  tree 
into  a  commercial  producer.  Many  of  the  old 
seedlings  have,  by  grafting,  been  made  to  pro- 
duce the  better  nuts  of  the  budded  varieties. 
Top-working  is  best  accomplished  in  Jan- 
uary and  February,  when  the  tree  is  dormant. 
Four  or  five  limbs,  located  so  as  to  make  a 
strong  and  well-balanced  tree,  are  cut  off 
about  one  foot  from  the  trunk.  Usually  two 
cuttings  are  required  to  get  a  good  smooth  sur- 
face without  splitting.  A  modified  "cleft 
graft"  is  used,  three  to  four  diagonal  splits 
being  made  around  the  circumference  of  the 
smooth-surfaced  stub,  extending  about  two 
inches  each  way.  This  split  is  forced  open 
with  a  wedge,  and  a  scion  of  two  or  three 
buds,  tapered  gradually  and  regularly  to  a 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   'WALNUT 


(LEFT)  AT  THE  END  OF  THREE  MONTHS'  GROWTH  THE  TOP-WORKED  TREE  is  LARGE 

ENOUGH  TO  REQUIRE  ARTIFICIAL  SUPPORT  FOR  ITS  BRANCHES.      (CENTER)  THE  RE- 
SULT OF  TWO  YEARS'  GROWTH.     (RIGHT)  A  NATIVE  BLACK  TOP-WORKED  TO  THE 

EHRHARDT  VARIETY  AT  THE  END  OF  THE  SECOND  YEAR'S  GROWTH 


wedge,  is  inserted.  The  cambium  layer,  or 
sapwood,  of  the  scion  and  stub  must  be  in 
contact.  The  scion  is  cut  with  a  bud  at  the 
vortex  of  the  wedge,  and,  in  placing,  this  bud 
should  be  level  with  the  surface  of  the  stub. 
Wood  for  scion  purposes  is  preferably  of  the 
previous  season's  growth,  and  must  be  com- 
pact, healthy,  and  in  good  condition.  Care 
must  be  taken  to  keep  the  scion  wood  moist 
between  time  of  cutting  from  the  parent  tree 
and  time  of  use  in  grafting. 

After  the  scion  is  inserted  properly  the 
wedge  is  removed,  soft  twine  is  bound  around 
the  stub  near  the  top  to  secure  the  scion,  and 
the  stub,  scion-tip,  and  all  exposed  sapwood 
painted  with  wax. The  wax  is  applied  hot  and 
forced  with  a  brush  into  all  cracks  and  crev- 
ices. The  scions  are  then  covered  with  paper 
bags  to  protect  them  from  the  sun,  moisture, 
and  wind.  These  bags  are  removed  shortly 
after  the  scions  commence  growth.  The  stubs 


must  be  waxed  at  subsequent  intervals  until 
the  union  is  well  established. 

The  formula  used  by  the  California  Wal- 
nut Growers  Association's  Field  Department 
for  the  making  of  grafting-wax  consists  of: 


Resin 

Beeswax 

Raw  linseed  oil 


4  pounds 

l  pound 

l  pint 


DISEASE  AND  INSECT  PESTS 

THE  walnut  tree  suffers  little  from 
the  ravages  of  disease  and  insects, 
compared  with  citrus  and  deciduous 
fruits,  and  the  expense  required  to  combat 
such  troubles  is  small.  However,  there  are  a 
few  maladies  which  must  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration. 

Of  these,  -walnut  blight,  orbacteriosis,  is  by 
far  the  most  important — so  important  in 
fact  that  the  loss  of  a  fourth  of  the  crop  in 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


43 


DEMONSTRATING  THE  USE  OF  THE  DUSTING  MACHINE  FOR  CONTROLLING  THE  WALNUT  APHIS 


certain  years  has  been  attributed  to  it.  It  is 
a  bacterial  disease  which  attacks  the  young 
and  tender  growth  and  spreads  to  the  more 
mature  wood,  causing  the  affected  areas  to 
turn  black  and  die.  Under  favorable  condi- 
tions the  disease  is  especially  destructive  to 
the  nuts.  If  it  attacks  the  nuts  early  in  life, 
it  causes  them  to  turn  black  and  drop  off 
when  one-eighth  to  one-half  inch  in  size.  It 
causes  more  mature  nuts  to  remain  undevel- 
oped, and  makes  full-grown  nuts  unmarket- 
able. It  occurs  on  the  nut  as  a  black  spot, 
most  prevalent  at  the  calyx  end,  but  often 
scattered  over  its  entire  surface.  Damage  from 
blight  is  more  prevalent  in  years  of  heavy 
fogs. 

Although  the  growers  themselves  and  the 
California  Legislature  have  offered  large  re- 
wards for  a  remedy,  no  method  of  control  has 
been  found.  Certain  walnut  varieties  have 
been  developed  which  show  a  degree  of  resist- 
ance to  the  disease.  With  the  introduction  of 


these  and  the  development  of  still  more  re- 
sistant varieties,  it  is  hoped  that  the  damage 
from  blight  can  be  greatly  lessened. 

On  the  insect  side,  the  chief  pest  which  the 
industry  has  had  to  combat  is  the  walnut 
aphis.  This  is  a  small  green  plant-louse  which 
feeds  on  the  leaves  and  succulent  shoots  by 
sucking  the  plant  juices  and  devitalizing  the 
tree  at  a  critical  stage,  thus  causing  less  crop, 
lighter  nuts,  and  imperfect  meats.  The  foilage 
of  a  tree  infected  with  this  insect  becomes 
covered  with  "honey  dew,"  a  sticky  secretion 
which  turns  black  upon  continued  exposure 
to  the  air.  The  damage  caused  by  the  aphis 
varies  from  year  to  year.  In  some  sections  the 
damage  is  considerable  every  year;  in  others 
it  is  only  on  exceptional  years  that  the  loss 
is  heavy.  The  aphids  usually  disappear  with 
the  approach  of  extremely  hot  weather. 

The  latest  method  of  control  is  by  the  use 
of  a  nicotin-dust  preparation,  applied  by 
blower.  The  latest  improved  dusting-machine 


44 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •  WALNUT 


A 


D 


(A)  APPEARANCE  OF  GREEN  NUT  AFTER  WORM  HAS  EN- 
TERED ON  OPEN  SIDE.  (B)  CODLIN  MOTH  WORM  USU- 
ALLY ENTERS  GREEN  NUT  ON  THE  STEM  END  AS  HERE 
SHOWN,  (c)  A  ROUND  OR  OVAL  OPENING  ON  THE  STEM 
END  OF  THE  CURED  NUT  IS  ALMOST  A  SURE  SIGN  THAT 
THE  WORM  HAS  PAID  HIS  RESPECTS  INSIDE.  (D)  SEC- 
TION OF  WALNUT  SHOWING  THE  CODLIN  MOTH  WORM 
DOING  ITS  WORK 


THE  MANGLE,  A  SPECIAL  MACHINE  RECENTLY  IN- 
STALLED IN  THE  LOS  ANGELES  HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE 
ASSOCIATION,  IN  AN  ATTEMPT  TO  PREVENT  THE  SPREAD 
OF  THE  CODLIN  MOTH  THROUGHOUT  THE  STATE.  SIXTY 
THOUSAND  EMPTY  DIAMOND  BRAND  WALNUT  BAGS  ARE 
BEING  "IRONED  OUT"  BY  THIS  MACHINE  THIS  SEASON, 
THE  IDEA  BEING  TO  EXTERMINATE  THE  INSECTS  BY 
HEAT  AND  PRESSURE 


will  treat  40  acres  a  day,  applying  3  to  4 
pounds  of  dust  to  the  tree,  at  a  cost  for  dust- 
ing material  of  15  to  20  cents  per  tree.  The 
dusting-machine  proper  can  be  purchased  for 
$190.00. 

The  aphis  can  be  controlled  by  the  liquid 
tobacco  spray,  although  the  cost  on  extremely 
large  trees  makes  it  impractical.  It  has  been 
demonstrated  that  ten-year-old  trees  can  be 
sprayed  for  30  cents  a  tree  and  mature  trees 
for  40  to  50  cents  per  tree.  Spraying  is  practi- 
cal only  when  the  aphis  appears  in  alarm- 
ing numbers,  fifty  or  more  individuals  to  a 
leaf. 
.  The  codlin  mofk,  though  a  recent  pest  to 


the  California  walnut,  has  done  considerable 
damage  since  1916.  The  moth  lays  its  eggs 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  a 
larva,  a  small  fleshy,  light-colored  worm  of 
a  pink  tint,  emerges.  This  larva  penetrates  the 
nut,  usually  where  two  nuts  touch.  A  nut  that 
has  been  penetrated  by  a  worm  is  destroyed 
for  eating  purposes  and  becomes  unmarket- 
able. This  insect  is  apparently  the  same  as 
the  codlin  moth  of  the  apple,  and  is  subject 
to  the  same  treatment,  with  revision  of  ap- 
plication. So  recent  is  its  occurrence  that  no 
control  methods  have  been  tried  out,  but  it  is 
known  that  arsenate  of  lead,  Paris  green,  and 
other  poisons  will  kill  the  insect.  It  yet  re- 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •   WALNUT 


45 


mains  to  determine  the  best  method  of  appli- 
cation. Work  along  these  lines  is  going  for- 
ward rapidly  through  the  medium  of  the 
University  of  California  and  the  Field  De- 
partment of  the  California  Walnut  Growers 
Association.  Experiments  are  being  carried  on 
with  the  insect  itself  and  methods  for  its  con- 
trol. Dusting,  spraying,  and  banding  are  all 
being  tried  out  from  the  viewpoint  of  both 
efficiency  and  economy. 

Working  on  the  hypothesis  that  the  cod- 
lin  moth  was  introduced  into  California  by 
means  of  sacks  used  for  shipment  of  nuts, 
and  that  the  insect  is  spread  by  this  means, 
the  California  Walnut  Growers  Association 
has  installed  a  machine  which  irons  out  the 
sacks,  killing  the  insect  either  by  heat  or 
pressure.  Sixty  thousand  bags  are  being 
treated  in  Los  Angeles  this  season. 

Die-back,  or  winter  injury,  little-leaf,  per- 
foration, and  shrivelled  meats  are  all  physio- 
logical difficulties  that  can  be  helped  by  the 
proper  selection  of  soil  and  climatic  condi- 
tions for  a  given  variety,  application  of 
proper  cultural  methods,  and  accurate  at- 
tention given  to  moisture  conditions. 

Sunburn  causes  much  damage  to  trees  of 
all  ages.  The  bark  cracks  and  promotes  de- 
cay. The  trees  should  be  protected  by  paper 
protectors  when  small  and  painted  with 
whitewash  later. 

Crown-gall  is  a  bacterial  disease  which 
causes  large  galls  at  the  crown  of  the  tree, 
cutting  off  circulation  and  preventing  proper 
nutrition.  The  tissue  in  the  proximity  of 
these  galls  becomes  abnormal  and  easily  suc- 
cumbs to  decay.  There  is  no  means  of  remedy- 
ing the  evil  when  once  started.  It  can  be 
avoided  only  by  rigid  inspection  of  nursery 
stock  and  controlled  by  removal  of  infected 
trees.  It  is  probable  that  tree-surgery  may  save 
infected  trees,  but  doubtful. 

Melaxuma,  though  rare  in  most  localities, 
does  occur  on  the  walnut.  This  disease  causes 
cankers  on  the  trees  which  exude  a  black  sap. 
It  is  infectious,  but  can  be  cured  by  cutting 
out  the  cankers  and  painting  with  Bordeaux 


paste,  followed  by  an  application  of  asphalt 
paint. 

Amalaria,  or  the  so-called  toadstool  fun- 
gus, is  of  minor  importance  in  the  walnut  in- 
dustry, although  it  does  occur -in  some  sec- 
tions. This  fungus  disease  causes  decay  of  the 
roots  and  is  very  infectious.  No  remedy  is 
known,  though  it  can  be  controlled  to  some 
extent  by  removing  infected  trees  when  dis- 
covered. With  smaller  trees,  trenching  around 
the  roots  of  infected  trees  will  prevent  its 
spread,  but  with  older  trees,  such  is  the  ex- 
tent of  their  root  systems  that  trenching  is 
impractical. 

COMBATING  DISEASE  AND  INSECT 
PESTS 

THE  walnut  growers  of  California  are 
behind  the  citrus-  and  deciduous-fruit 
growers  in  the  matter  of  combating 
disease  and  insect  pests,  probably  because  the 
walnut  has  been  much  freer  from  these  rav- 
ages in  the  past  than  the  crops  mentioned. 
However,  it  behooves  the  growers  of  walnuts 
to  increase  their  efficiency  in  this  regard  to 
maintain  this  condition  of  comparative  free- 
dom from  pests.  Methods  of  control  are  avail- 
able, but  concerted  effort  is  lacking.  Progress 
in  this  matter  would  increase  the  profitable- 
ness to  the  individual  as  well  as  benefit  the 
industry  as  a  whole. 

Realizing  this  laxity  on  the  part  of  the 
growers,  the  Field  Department  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Walnut  Growers  Association  devotes 
a  large  portion  of  its  time  to  this  phase  of  the 
industry.  A  close  check  is  kept  upon  all  wal- 
nut pests,  and  preventive  methods  and  reme- 
dies recommended.  All  walnut  ailments  are 
investigated  and  given  scientific  attention. 
New  remedies  are  tried  out  and  perfected; 
old  remedies  are  improved  upon.  As  a  result 
of  the  department's  work,  the  latest  and  best 
scientific  knowledge  is  carried  direct  from  the 
research  laboratory  to  the  grower.  With  the 
continuance  of  this  work  it  is  hoped  to  put 
the  walnut  industry  on  a  par  with  other  Cali- 
fornia fruit  industries  in  this  respect,  and  save 
the  growers  in  the  future  the  large  sum  which 
is  now  being  lost  due  to  their  indifference. 


CHAPTER  THREE 


the  California 

W.  T.  TVebber^  Secretary 

(California  If^alnut  (growers  ^Association 

SINCE  THE  MOST  APPROVED  METHODS  OF  HARVESTING,  GROWING,  GRADING,  PACKING,  AND  SELLING  CALIFOR- 
NIA WALNUTS  NOW  IN  VOGUE  ARE  THE  OUTGROWTH  OF  THE  DEVELOPMENT  WORK  OF  THE  CALIFORNIA  WALNUT 
GROWERS  ASSOCIATION,  THE  FOLLOWING  MAY  WELL  BE  CONSIDERED  THE  EXPERIENCE  OF  DIAMOND  BRAND  WAL- 
NUTS FROM  THE  TIME  THEY  ARE  MATURED  UNTIL  THEY  ARE  SHIPPED  FOR  DISTRIBUTION  TO  THE  CONSUMER 


HARVESTING 

A  OUT  two-thirds  of  the  walnuts  grown 
drop  from  the  trees  when  mature  and 
are  simply  gathered  up  and  sacked. 
The  remainder  of  the  crop  is  shaken  from 
the  trees  by  means  of  long  poles  with  hooks 
attached.  The  hook  is  caught  on  the  limb 
and  the  nuts,  if  mature,  brought  down  by  a 
vigorous  shaking.  About  three-fourths  of  the 
nuts  drop  clean  of  the  husks,  the  remainder 
usually  being  husked  in  the  field  by  the  pick- 
ers. After  picking  and  sacking,  the  nuts  are 
generally  hauled  into  the  harvesting-grounds 
and  placed  about  three  inches  deep  on  trays, 
where  they  are  allowed  to  cure  thoroughly 
for  several  days. 

Drying-houses  have  been  erected  by  some 
of  the  growers  who  have  a  large  enough  acre- 
age to  support  one.  These  houses  are  built 
with  lath  outer  walls  to  give  ample  ventila- 
tion. The  drying  bins  are  arranged  one  above 
the  other,  the  nuts  being  mechanically 
dumped  from  one  bin  to  the  bin  below  it. 
They  are  started  in  at  the  top,  and,  moving 
a  bin  at  a  time,  are  worked  through  the  whole 
series.  This  exposes  them  to  a  ventilation  sur- 
face of  six  or  eight  inches  and  assures  uni- 
form mixing.  This  process  takes  from  four  to 
eight  days. 

The  harvesting  operations  usually  begin 
about  September  15th,  and  are  principally 
carried  on  by  Mexicans,  who  contract  the 
picking  for  about  $1.00  to  $1.50  per  one 
hundred  pounds. 


LOCAL  PACKING-HOUSES 

IT  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  Cali- 
fornia Walnut  Growers  Association  is 
the  parent  organization  for  twenty-five 
local  packing  associations  operating  in  each 
of  the  principal  walnut-producing  sections  of 
the  state.  These  local  plants  grade  and  pack 
the  walnuts  of  their  grower  members,  the  out- 
put of  each  local  association  averaging  about 
600  or  700  tons  annually.  These  local  asso- 
ciations are  also  organized  on  the  co-operative 
principle.  Any  grower  located  in  the  tribu- 
tary section  may  become  a  member.  The  pack- 
ing plants  when  originally  built  are  usually 
paid  for  at  the  rate  of  one-quarter  cent  per 
pound  per  year,  or  less,  on  the  output  of  all 
members  ;  the  packing-house  operation  is  con- 
sequently carried  on  at  actual  cost  to  the 
growers. 

ELIMINATING  IMPERFECT  NUTS 


A~^TER  being  properly  cured,  the  nuts 
are  delivered  to  the  local  packing- 
house by  the  grower,  where  they  are 
first  run  over  a  rough  screen  which  frees  them 
from  dirt  and  all  foreign  matter.  From  this 
screen  the  nuts  pass  through  a  suction  ma- 
chine, a  device  which  lifts  the  blank  or  im- 
perfectly filled  nuts  over  a  trap  and  allows 
the  full-meated  ones  to  pass  through.  These 
machines  are  found  only  in  the  packing- 
houses of  the  California  Walnut  Growers 
Association,  which  owns  the  patent  rights 
thereto,  and  are  the  only  means  known  of 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


THE  NUTS  ARE  CURED  BY  THE  GROWER 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


49 


THE  LARGER  GROWERS  MAINTAIN  LATH  CURING  HOUSES 


THE   •    CALIFORNIA  •  WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  THE  ASSOCIATION'S  PLANT  AT  SANTA  ANA  is  AS  EFFICIENT  AS  IT  is  PLEASING  TO  THE  EYE 
(BELOW)  THE  IRVINE  PLANT  is  MODERN  IN  EVERY  RESPECT 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  THE  SANTA  BARBARA  PLANT  is  ONE  OF  THE  MOST  MODERN  AND  EFFICIENT 
(BELOW)  FULLERTON  GROWERS  MAKE  THEIR  HEADQUARTERS  HERE 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  THE  ASSOCIATION'S  SATICOY  PLANT  is  PLAIN  BUT  COMPLETE  IN  EVERY  PARTICULAR 
(BELOW)  PART  OF  A  SINGLE  DAY'S  DELIVERY  BY  GROWERS  AT  SATICOY 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •   WALNUT 


53 


(ABOVE)  WALNUT  DRYING  BINS  AT  THE  SATICOY  PLANT.  CAPACITY,  HALF  A  MILLION  POUNDS 
(BELOW)  INTERIOR  OF  THE  IRVINE  PLANT 


54 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  AN  INSIDE  VIEW  OF  THE  HUGE  BINS  WHERE  NUTS  ARE  DRIED  AFTER  BLEACHING 
(BELOW)  BATTERY  OF  WALNUT  BLEACHING  DRUMS 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •   WALNUT 


55 


BEFORE  PASSING  UNDER  THE  SUCTION  MACHINE   (IN  BACKGROUND)  THE  WALNUTS  ARE  CONVEYED  BY  SLOW- 
MOVING  BELTS  IN  FRONT  OF  GIRLS  WHO  PICK  OUT  THOSE  OBVIOUSLY  IMPERFECT 


segregating  full-meated  walnuts  from  blanks. 
From  the  suction  machine  the  full-meated 
nuts  pass  on  to  an  endless  belt  where  girl 
cullers,  seated  on  each  side,  remove  the  ill- 
shapen  and  bad-appearing  nuts. 


T 


BLEACHING 

HE  next  treatment  is  that  of  bleach- 
ing. The  nuts  are  given  a  bath  of 
from  one  to  two  minutes'  duration 
by  passing  them  through  large  drums  par- 
tially filled  with  a  liquid  bleaching  solu- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  removing  dirt  and 
stain  and  brightening  the  appearance  of  the 
shells.  The  local  association  packing-plants 
are  no  longer  permitted  to  use  sulphur  fumes 
in  bleaching  the  shell  of  the  walnut,  as  it  has 
been  demonstrated  that  these  fumes  have  a 
deleterious  effect  on  the  nut  meat.  Thus  the 
Association  uses  only  bleaching  materials 
which  are  non-injurious  to  either  the  keep- 


ing quality,  the  flavor,  or  the  digestibility  of 
the  nuts. 

From  the  bleaching  drums  they  are  passed 
over  another  shaker  which  frees  them  from 
accumulated  drops  of  the  solution,  and  they 
are  then  elevated  and  graded  to  size. 

GRADING 

FOR  this  process  large  galvanized-iron 
cylindrical  graders  are  used.  Each 
grader  is  10  feet  long  and  40  inches 
in  diameter,  set  on  a  six-inch  pitch,  and 
has  a  capacity  to  properly  grade  one  and 
one-half  tons  of  walnuts  per  hour.  A  soft- 
shell  walnut  grader  contains  somewhat  over 
8000  i1/32-irich  'square  openings,  and  the 
walnuts  which  pass  over  the  grader  without 
falling  out  at  one  of  these  openings  are 
known  as  the  Number  One  Grade.  Those 
which  fall  out  comprise  the  Number  Two 
Grade. 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


A  SECOND  CULLING  OF  THE  MACHINE-GRADED  NUTS  BY  HAND,  FURTHER  GUARANTEES  THEIR  QUALITY 


Budded  graders  contain  somewhat  less  than 
8000  iiVinch  square  openings,  and  the  nuts 
passing  over  constitute  the  Fancy  Grade  and 
those  falling  through  the  Standard  Grade. 

From  the  grader  the  walnuts  again  pass  on 
to  a  grading-belt,  where  those  that  have  not 
been  bleached  properly  or  have  been  broken 
by  the  bleaching  and  grading  operations  are 
removed.  The  perfect  nuts  then  go  into  the 
drying-bins,  and  after  a  period  of  from  24  to 
48  hours  are  packed  100  pounds  net  weight 
in  burlap  bags  ready  for  shipment. 

INSPECTION 

A'  this  juncture,  one  of  the  corps  of  in- 
spectors employed  by  the  California 
Walnut  Growers  Association  is  sent 
from  its  Los  Angeles  office  for  the  purpose 
of    inspecting   the   nuts    and    determining 
whether  or  not  they  reach  the  standards  of 
appearance,  quality,   and  size  demanded  of 
all   walnuts   packed   under   the   DIAMOND 
BRAND. 


The  inspector  opens  at  least  one  in  every 
ten  bags  of  the  lot  and  removes  a  double 
handful  of  walnuts  therefrom  as  a  sample. 
He  mixes  all  these  samples  in  a  receptacle, 
examining  them  as  to  appearance  and  size, 
and  cracks  not  less  than  400  nuts,  keeping  a 
careful  record  of  the  quality  of  each  nut 
cracked.  If  the  samples  pass  all  tests,  an  in- 
spection certificate  is  issued  and  the  walnuts 
may  be  shipped;  if  not,  a  certificate  is  re- 
fused, and  they  must  either  be  re-graded  and 
brought  up  to  the  DIAMOND  BRAND  stand- 
ards, or  packed  in  unbranded  bags  and  sold 
at  a  considerable  reduction  in  price. 

It  should  be  understood  that  the  thorough 
inspection  and  grading  process  described 
above  applies  only  to  nuts  grown  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  California  Walnut  Growers  As- 
sociation. However,  its  efficiency  has  been  so 
proven  that  we  quote  it  as  an  example  of 
what  is,  or  at  least  should  be,  the  state's  wal- 
nut process. 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


57 


INTERIOR  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION  S  BIG  PLANT  AT   SANTA  ANA,  SHOWING  PORTABLE 
CULLING  TABLES  (MAIN  FLOOR)  AND  BATTERY  OF  GRADERS  ON  BALCONY 


THE  STANDARD  FOR  FIRST-GRADE 

NUTS 

A»RIEF  description  of  a  first-grade 
walnut  according  to  the  standards 
maintained  by  the  California  Walnut 
Growers  Association  may  not  be  amiss.  It 
should  be  here  borne  in  mind  that  the  walnut 
is  a  product  of  "Old  Lady  Nature."  Conse- 
quently, the  general  quality  'and  cracking 
averages  of  California  walnuts  cannot  always 
be  maintained  on  a  uniform  basis  from  one 
year  to  another;  but  the  industry  has  so  rap- 
idly advanced  in  combating  the  whims  of  the 
"Old  Girl"  through  the  perfection  of  super- 
human grading  devices,  that  an  unusually 
large  percentage  of  imperfect  nuts  can  be, 
and  is  now,  automatically  removed  from  the 
field  run  as  delivered  to  the  packing  plants. 
We  may  add  that  the  Association  owns  and 
controls  the  patents  on  most  of  these  perfect- 
ed grading  devices. 


A  nut  is  considered  satisfactory  if  its  size 
is  in  accordance  with  the  specifications  for 
the  No.  1  or  the  No.  2  grade;  if  its  kernel  is 
plump  and  sound,  not  too  dark  in  color;  if 
it  is  not  wormy,  moldy,  or  rancid;  and  if  one 
portion  of  the  shell  has  not  split  and  fallen 
away  from  the  other.  The  shell  must  have  no 
material  outward  blemish  and  must  show  a 
clean  bright  color. 

MARKETING  PROPER 

THAT*  the  individual  producer  of  an 
agricultural  product  cannot  market 
his  output  to  the  best  advantage  is 
a  well-recognized  fact.  He  lacks  the  control 
of  volume  necessary  to  economical  packing 
and  distribution  and  the  stabilization  of 
market  through  guaranteed  prices.  He  is  at 
the  mercy  of  speculative  buyers,  who  not 
only  make  a  profit  on  their  purchases,  but 
whose  costs  of  packing  and  marketing  are 
necessarily  quite  heavy.  This,  combined  with 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


other  well-known  economic  factors,  has 
brought  into  existence  growers'  co-operative 
selling  organizations  throughout  the  country. 
Since  the  walnut  growers  have  proved  no  ex- 
ception and  have  their  own  selling  organiza- 
tion, it  may  be  well  to  pause  here  and  con- 
sider in  detail  the  extent  of  that  organization 
and  the  things  that  brought  it  into  being. 

WHAT  THE  CALIFORNIA  WALNUT 
GROWERS  ASSOCIATION  IS 

TO  MR.  C.  C.  TEAGUE,  WHO  WAS  LARGELY  RESPONSI- 
BLE FOR  THE  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  CALIFORNIA 
WALNUT  GROWERS  ASSOCIATION  AND  WHO  HAS  BEEN 
ITS  ONLY  PRESIDENT,  A  LARGE  MEASURE  OF  THE  SUC- 
CESS OF  THE  ORGANIZATION  IS  CREDITED.  MR.  TEAGUE 
HAS  NEVER  COLLECTED  ONE  CENT  FOR  SERVICES  REN- 
DERED THE  ASSOCIATION,  BUT  HAS  WORKED  INDE- 
FATIGABLY  FOR  ITS  SUCCESS,  AND  HAS  MANY  TIMES, 
BY  HIS  UNFAILING  LEVEL-HEADEDNESS  AND  GOOD 
JUDGMENT,  GUIDED  IT  OVER  DANGEROUS  SHOALS 

A  early  in  the  history  of  the  California 
walnut  as  1895  the  Rivera  Walnut 
Growers  Association,  with  a  mem- 
bership comprised  of  individual  walnut  grow- 
ers adjacent  to  Rivera,  was  organized  for  the 
purpose  of  grading,  packing,  and  marketing 
the  output  of  its  members.  This  idea  was 
adopted  in  other  districts,  and  within  a  few 
years  probably  eight  or  ten  local  walnut  grow- 
ers' associations  were  operating  in  various  dis- 
tricts in  southern  California. 

EARLY  MARKETING  METHOD 

THE  marketing  method  followed  by 
these  associations  was  to  engage  the 
services  of  what  is  known  as  a  coast 
broker,  or  shipper,  to  market  their  walnuts 
wherever  a  buyer  could  be  found.  As  the 
commission  paid  these  brokers  was  ordinarily 
6  per  cent  of  the  selling  price,  there  was 
great  competition  each  season  between 
them  for  the  selling  contract  of  each  local 
association.  Confronted  with  these  com- 
petitive conditions,  the  broker  dared  not  re- 
fuse a  tender  of  walnuts,  no  matter  what  the 
quality,  as  by  so  doing  he  would  have  jeop- 
ardized his  selling  contract  for  the  next  sea- 


son. He  preferred  to  fight  it  out  with  the  buy- 
er and  assume  any  necessary  loss.  The  natural 
result  of  such  a  system  was  a  gradual  dete- 
rioration rather  than  an  improvement  in  the 
quality  of  the  so-called  first  grade  of  Califor- 
nia walnuts,  with  a  consequent  low  price 
level  and  light  demand. 

Again,  no  intelligent  efforts  to  gain  proper 
distribution  were  made,  each  broker  fighting 
for  the  business  in  the  larger  markets  and  all 
of  them  more  or  less  neglecting  the  smaller 
ones,  thereby  losing  a  large  percentage  of  pos- 
sible consumption.  Almost  invariably  each 
season  after  the  jobbers  had  purchased  their 
requirements  for  the  holiday  trade,  the  wal- 
nut market  took  a  decided  drop,  and  the  local 
association  which  had  not  been  able  to  ship  its 
entire  output  quite  early  was  obliged  to  be 
content  with  considerably  reduced  prices  for 
the  remainder.  With  these  price  conditions 
prevailing  year  after  year,  and  with  no  de- 
pendable guarantee  as  to  quality  and  grading, 
the  jobber  was  inclined  to  be  chary  and  gen- 
erally underbought  rather  than  the  reverse. 

To  show  that  the  walnut  business  was  not 
particularly  lucrative  in  those  days,  the  prices 
returned  by  the  Santa  Ana  Valley  Walnut 
Growers  Association  to  its  members  on  Num- 
ber One  soft-shell  walnuts  are  here  shown 
by  seasons  for  a  period  from  1898  to  1911  : 


Season 
1898 
1899 
19OO 
1901 
19O2 
1903 
1904 

1905 
19O6 
1907 
1908 
1909 
191O 
1911 


Price  Per  Pound 
$.0643 
.0741 
.0950 
.0852 
.0944 
.1194 
.1044 
.1184 

.1002 

•1355 
.1074 
.1065 
.1405 
.1250 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


Growers  belonging  to  these  associations 
had  already  shown  their  progressiveness  and 
fully  realized  that  conditions  were  not  what 
they  should  be,  but  there  was  apparently 
nothing  they  could  do  about  it. 

THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  DIRECT 
MARKETING 

A  OUT  this  time  two  young  men  in 
Ventura  County  conceived  an  idea. 
C.  Thorpe,  manager  of  the  Santa 
Paula  Walnut  Association,  and  H.  C.  Sharp, 
manager  of  the  Saticoy  Walnut  Growers 
Association,  decided  in  1909  to  make  no  sell- 
ing contracts,  with  the  coast  broker,  but  to 
market  the  output  of  their  houses  themselves, 
selling  direct  to  the  wholesale  grocer  and  fruit 
jobber.  They  put  out  a  high-grade  pack  under 
their  association  brands  and  gave  their  trade 
the  very  best  possible  service  and  treatment. 
The  success  of  this  method  became  immedi- 
ately apparent,  and  these  two  managers  were 
for  several  years  able  to  make  returns  to  their 
growers  materially  higher  than  those  received 
by  growers  of  associations  who  still  sold 
through  the  coast  brokers. 

FORMATION    OF   ASSOCIATION 
INCREASES  PRICES 

NATURALLY  their  success  attracted 
attention.  Indeed,  such  an  impres- 
sion did  it  make  that  in  1912  some 
fifteen  local  associations  organized  the  Cali- 
fornia Walnut  Growers  Association,  the  func- 
tion of  which  was  to  market  their  walnuts 
along  exactly  the  same  lines  which  had  proven 
so  advantageous  to  the  Santa  Paula  and  Sati- 
coy growers. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  steady  year-to- 
year  increase  in  the  price  of  walnuts  since  the 
Association  was  organized.  The  Association 
opening  prices  for  DIAMOND  BRAND  No.  l 
Walnuts,  which  h^ave  never  been  lowered,  but 
several  times  increased,  are  shown  by  seasons. 

This  table,  compared  with  the  one  show- 
ing earlier  prices  received  by  the  Santa  Ana 
growers,  forms  an  instructive  comparison: 


Season 
1912 

1913 
1914 
1915 


1917 
19l8 


Price 

14.0  cents 

16.0    " 

16.5  " 

13.6  " 

1-5.5  " 

20.1  " 

28.0     " 


WHAT  THE  CALIFORNIA  WALNUT 

GROWERS  ASSOCIATION  HAS 

DONE 

MR.  CARLYLE  THORPE,  GENERAL  MANAGER  OF  THE 
ASSOCIATION  SINCE  1913,  HAS,  THROUGH  INHERENT 
ABILITY,  "NEVER  SAY  DIE"  SPIRIT,  CLOSE  STUDY  OF 
HIS  WORK,  AND  DUE  APPRECIATION  OF  THE  NEEDS 
OF  GROWER  AS  WELL  AS  BUYER,  BROUGHT  THE  CALI- 
FORNIA WALNUT  GROWERS  ASSOCIATION  TO  A  POSI- 
TION IN  THE  EYES  OF  THE  BUSINESS  WORLD  REACHED 
BY  FEW  AND  EXCEEDED  BY  NONE 

WHILE  at  its  inception  the  Cali- 
fornia Walnut  Growers  Association 
marketed  only  54  per  cent  of  the 
output  of  the  state,  its  avowed  principles 
were  : 

A  standardized  pack  of  high  and  guaran- 
teed quality  under  its  DIAMOND  BRAND, 
which  meant  the  elimination  of  the  various 
brands  used  by  its  local  members. 

'fo  stabilize  market  conditions  by  guaran- 
teeing prices  against  decline,  thus  justifying 
distributors  in  buying  more  freely  and  carry- 
ing heavier  stocks,  thereby  widening  the  con- 
sumption period. 

tfo  judiciously  'distribute  its  product,  and 
through  continued  sales  efforts  to  widen  the 
distribution  and  increase  the  consumption  of 
California  walnuts,  appreciating  full  well 
that  maximum  demand  is  only  possible 
through  the  widest  distribution. 

tfo  at  all  times  take  every  possible  action 
tending  toward  the  improvement  of  the  qual- 
ity of  its  pack  and  the  conditions  affecting  the 
growing  and  marketing  of  California  walnuts. 

To  say  that  the  California  Walnut  Grow- 
ers Association,  with  its  fifteen  local  associa- 
tion members  representing  only  54  per  cent 


6o 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


of  the  growers,  was  an  eminent  success  its  first 
year  would  be  a  marked  digression  from  the 
truth,  because  it  had  its  troubles  and  made 
many  errors  through  lack  of  experience.  But 
the  organization  was  unquestionably  an  im- 
provement over  the  old  methods,  as  evidenced 
by  the  fact  that  it  showed  rapid  and  continual 
growth. 

As  the  increasing  benefits  it  gained  for  the 
members  became  apparent  other  local  asso- 
ciations joined,  and  other  districts  formed  as- 
sociations for  the  purpose  of  joining,  until 
during  the  1918  season  the  California  Wal- 
nut Growers  Association  marketed  nearly  80 
per  cent  of  the  walnuts  grown  in  the  state  at 
the  highest  prices  ever  known,  and  which 
brought  its  members  a  return  of  almost  nine 
million  dollars. 

DIAMOND  BRAND 

ONE  of  the  first  acts  of  the  directors 
after  the  organization  of  the  Asso- 
ciation was  to  choose  and  copy- 
right its  DIAMOND  BRAND  trade-mark,  under 
which  all  first-grade  walnuts  since  mar- 
keted by  it  have  been  packed.  In  adopting 
this  identifying  mark  for  their  product,  the 
Association  was  not  blind  to  the  fact  that  it 
was  assuming  a  very  definite  responsibility 
for  the  uniform  quality  of  the  walnuts  which 
it  might  thereafter  place  upon  the  market. 
The  directors  realized  that  an  advertised 
trade-mark  could  have  no  permanent  value 
unless  backed  up  by  goods  of  merit.  Accord- 
ingly uniform  standards  of  size,  quality,  and 
appearance  were  adopted.  Walnut  harvesting, 
handling  and  grading  systems  have  since  been 
repeatedly  improved  upon  as  a  result  of  the 
work  of  the  Association's  experts,  until  today 
DIAMOND  BRAND  Walnuts  unquestionably 
have  first  call  with  a  great  percentage  of  the 
trade  in  all  markets  of  the  United  States.  In- 
deed, during  the  latter  part  of  the  1918  sea- 
son, when  all  shippers  had  walnuts  to  sell, 
many  instances  occurred  where  buyers  pur- 
chased DIAMOND  BRAND  at  a  premium  of 
from  one-half  to  two  cents  per  pound  over 
goods  offered  under  other  brands. 


GUARANTEED  PRICES 

A  OTHER  important  fact  of  which 
the  Association's  directors  had  full 
realization  was  that  the  wholesale 
grocer  and  fruit  jobber  unquestionably  af- 
forded the  most  economical  means  of  dis- 
tributing their  product  to  the  retailer,  and 
through  him  to  the  consumer.  And  further, 
that  to  get  the  fullest  co-operation  of  these 
distributors  it  was  necessary  to  reasonably 
assure  them  that  their  walnut  operations 
would  return  a  profit. 

To  do  this  it  was  necessary  to  eliminate  the 
old  condition  of  a  serious  drop  in  walnut 
prices  occurring  immediately  after  the  holi- 
days. Consequently,  a  form  of  contract  ap- 
proved by  the  National  Wholesale  Grocers 
Association,  to  be  used  by  the  Association 
covering  its  orders  from  the  jobbing  trade, 
was  adopted.  This  contract,  in  addition  to 
providing  for  definite  standards  of  quality 
and  size  as  well  as  other  details  commonly 
found  in  a  contract  form,  stipulated  that  the 
Association  should,  at  the  beginning  of  its 
shipping  season,  name; a  season's  price  on 
each  of  its  grades  of  walnuts,  such  price  to 
be  fully  guaranteed  against  its  own  decline 
for  the  succeeding  eleven  months.  In  other 
words,  on  any  reduction  in  the  opening  prices 
the  buyer  was  rebated  accordingly  on  all 
stocks  on  hand. 

While  this  guarantee  did  not  mean  much 
in  1912,  coming  as  it  did  from  an  Associa- 
tion with  its  fifty-four-per-cent  output  con- 
trol and  puny  four-thousand-ton  shipments, 
it  was  a  step  in  the  right  -direction,  and  as 
the  Association's  membership  percentage  in- 
creased the  great  value  of  the  price  guarantee 
was  fully  proven.  In  fact,  it  is  now  one  of  the 
bulwarks  of  the  industry. 

QUALITY  GUARANTEED 

IN  the  old  days  the  best  the  jobber  got  in 
the  way  of  a  quality  guarantee  was  a 
clause  in  his  contract  reading  something 
like  this:  "Equal  in  quality  to  the  season's 
average  produced  in  the  district  from  which 
walnuts  are  shipped." 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


61 


LCS   ANGE-LtS 


FIVE  SOUTHERN  COUNTIES 

SHOWING  LOCATION 

OF  LOCAL  PACKING  HOUSES 

AFFILIATED  WITH 

(California  Walnut 
Cjro'foers  Association 


RIVERSIDE 


FIGURES  ON  MAP  INDICATE  LOCATION 
OF  PACKING  HOUSES 


1.  Bishop-Stow  Ass'n Coromar  California  13. 

2.  Santa  Barbara  County  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n.  .Goleta  California  14. 

3.  Carpinteria  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Carpinteria  California  15. 

4.  Sespe  Land  &  Water  Company     Sespe  California  16. 

5.  Santa  Paula  Walnut  Ass'n Santa  Paula  California  1 7. 

6.  Limoneira  Company      . Limco  California  18. 

7.  Saticoy  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Saticoy  California  19. 

8.  Oxnard  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Oxnard  California  20. 

9.  Moorpark  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Moorpark  California  21. 

10.  Simi  Valley  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Santa  Susana  California  22. 

11.  Cudahy  Walnut  Orchard Los  Angeles  California  23. 

12.  El  Monte  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n El  Monte  California  24. 

25.  Hemet  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n. 


La  Puente  Valley  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Puente  California 

Walnut  Fruit  Growers  Ass'n Walnut   California 

Whittier  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Whittier   California 

Leffingwell  Walnut  Orchard      Leffingwell   California 

La  Habra  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Des  Moines   California 

Fullerton-Placentia  Walnut  Ass'n Fullerton   California 

Anaheim  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Anaheim   California 

Richland  Walnut  Ass'n Orange   California 

Garden  Grove  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n.    ..  Garden  Grove   California 

Santa  Ana  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n Santa  Ana  California 

Irvine  Walnut  Ass'n Irvine   California 

Capistrano  Walnut  Growers  Ass'n.  San  Juan  Capistrano   California 
Hemet,  California 


Inasmuch  as  walnuts  are  grown  in  at  least 
twenty-five  southern  California  districts,  in 
an  area  over  two  hundred  miles  long  and 
thirty  miles  wide,  and  the  average  season's 
quality  as  to  districts  may  be  widely  different, 
due  to  varying  weather  and  other  conditions, 
such  a  quality  guarantee  was  not  of  much 
value. 

The  Association  felt  that  its  buyers  were 
entitled  to  a  definite  guarantee  of  quality,  and 
consequently  inserted  in  its  contract  a  clause 
providing  that  at  the  time  prices  were  an- 
nounced season's  cracking  standards  would 
also  be  announced.  These  standards  set  the 
minimum  percentage  of  sound  merchantable 
nuts  which  each  lot  of  walnuts  should  aver- 
age. In  past  seasons  the  cracking  standard 
for  DIAMOND  BRAND  Walnuts  has  varied 
from  87  to  90  per  cent,  but  it  has  always  been 
the  policy  of  the  Association  to  ship  goods 
cracking  well  over  the  guaranteed  minimum. 
For  instance,  the  1918  season  cracking  stand- 
ard for  DIAMOND  BRAND  No.  1's  was  88  per 


cent,  yet  the  total  shipments  made  by  the  As- 
sociation averaged  well  over  94  per  cent. 

DISTRIBUTION 

A  stated,  before  the  advent  of  the  As- 
sociation the  point  of  a  thorough  dis- 
tribution of  California  walnuts  in  all 
markets  of  the  United  States  had  been  sadly 
neglected.  The  sales  department  immediately 
set  out  to  correct  this  condition,  and  its  ef- 
forts have  been  attended  with  such  success 
that  today  DIAMOND  BRAND  Walnuts  are 
well  known  to  every  wholesaler  of  food  prod- 
ucts in  this  country,  and  he  is,  through  per- 
sonal calls  by  the  Association's  representa- 
tives, afforded  many  opportunities  each  season 
to  buy  them. 

CULL  WALNUTS  AND  WALNUT 
MEATS 

IT  must  be  understood  that  many  of  the 
walnuts  produced  are,  through  poor  ap- 
pearance, being  blighted,  partially  filled, 
and  for  other  reasons,  unsuitable  for  market- 


62 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •   WALNUT 


CD      Q 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


PATENTED  WALNUT  CRACKING  MACHINE.  CAPACITY 


TONS  PER  DAY 


ing  in  their  natural  state.  The  percentage  of 
such  nuts  varies  considerably  from  season 
to  season,  depending  upon  conditions  preva- 
lent during  the  growing  season,  but  the  aver- 
age, of  course,  materially  increasing  as  the 
quality  standards  of  the  Association  were 
raised. 

In  the  old  days  such  walnuts,  which  are 
known  as  culls,  were  sold  by  the  grocer  or 
packing-house  manager  to  cull  peddlers  who 
took  them  at  the  grove  or  packing-house,  the 
price  paid  ranging  from  \l/2  to  3  cents  per 
pound.  The  peddlers'  usual  method  of  dispos- 
ing of  these  culls  was  to  put  them  on  the  in- 
side of  a  bag,  top  with  good  nuts,  and  foist 
them  off  on  the  dealer  and  public  as  first-class 
goods. 

As  time  went  on  it  became  more  and  more 
noticeable  that  these  tactics  were  seriously  re- 


tarding the  sale  of  good  walnuts,  especially 
on  the  Pacific  Coast,  for  the  simple  reason 
that  the  dealer  or  housewife  after  being 
swindled  a  few  times  decided  that  good  wal- 
nuts could  not  be  had  and  refused  to  buy 
further. 

With  no  thought  of  getting  a  higher  re- 
turn for  their  cull  walnuts  (in  fact,  really  ex- 
pecting a  loss),  but  for  the  general  good  of 
the  industry,  the  management  and  directors 
of  the  Association  in  1915  built  its  first  crack- 
ing plant.  There  Association  growers'  culls 
were  sent  for  the  purpose  of  cracking  them 
and  extracting  the  edible  meats. 

After  being  extracted  the  meats  were  as- 
sorted into  four  classes  —  namely,  Light 
Halves,  Light  Pieces,  Light  Amber  Halves 
and  Pieces  mixed,  and  Dark  Halves  and 
Pieces  mixed.  These  goods  were  offered  to 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA    •   WALNUT 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


the  trade  under  the  DIAMOND  BRAND,  and 
the  1915  season  output  finally  sold  at  prices 
which  netted  the  grower  a  slightly  larger  re- 
turn for  his  culls  than  he  had  heretofore  re- 
ceived. But,  at  that  time,  the  big  noticeable 
point  was  the  marked  increase  in  the  sale  of 
DIAMOND  BRAND  Walnuts  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  generally,  and  in  Los  Angeles  particu- 
larly. 

However,  the  management,  through  more 
efficient  factory  operations  and  more  intelli- 
gent sales  efforts,  had  gained  a  confidence  in 
its  ability  to  ultimately  make  the  walnut- 
meats  business  an  important  one  and  cull  re- 
turns much  greater  than  any  grower  had  ever 
hoped  for. 

Mechanical  cracking,  sorting,  and  clean- 
ing machines  were  patented  and  improved 
upon ;  larger,  commodious,  and  more  econom- 
ically arranged  quarters  for  operations  as  well 
as  employees  were  secured ;  and  an  education- 
al sales  campaign  for  the  purpose  of  widen- 
ing distribution  and  increasing  consumption 
was  launched.  The  results  obtained  speak  for 
themselves.  Since  the  installation  of  the  first 
cracking  plant,  net  cull  returns  to  growers 
have  increased  each  year,  until  for  the  1918 
season  they  ran  as  high  as  i8^4  cents  Per 
pound,  with  an  average  of  almost  15  cents 
per  pound. 

From  one  little  poorly  arranged  and 
equipped  plant,  employing  a  maximum  of 
150  operatives  and  handling  less  than  five 
tons  of  culls  per  day,  to  three  fine  up-to-date 
well-lighted  and  equipped  plants  employing 
over  600  operatives  and  handling  over 
twenty-five  tons  of  culls  per  day,  represents 
the  Association's  factory  progress  since  put- 
ting DIAMOND  BRAND  Walnut  Meats  on  the 
market. 

The  largest  of  these  plants,  located  at  Los 
Angeles,  employs  an  average  of  400  girls  for 


the  season's  duration  of  from  five  to  seven 
months  each  year.  The  other  plants,  employ- 
ing i  oo  girls  each,  are  located  on  the  top  floors 
of  the  magnificent  new  walnut-packing  houses 
at  Santa  Ana  and  Goleta,  California,  respec- 
tively. 

When  the  Association's  sales  department 
first  assumed  the  burden  of  marketing  its  out- 
put of  meats,  practically  the  only  outlet  was 
the  candy  manufacturer  and  soda-fountain 
supply  houses,  and  only  such  of  these  houses 
as  were  located  in  the  Western  and  Pacific 
Coast  states.  Eastern  houses  viewed  original 
attempts  to  interest  them  in  California  wal- 
nut meats  coldly, — first,  because  they  had 
never  heard  of  California  meats,  having  al- 
ways been  accustomed  to  using  imported 
stock;  second,  because  the  large  percentage  of 
California  meats  ran  to  the  amber  color,  and 
the  user  could  not  believe  that  they  were  of 
as  good  quality  or  could  be  used  in  his  prod- 
uct to  the  same  advantage  as  the  much  lighter- 
colored,  though  higher-priced,  imports. 

The  sales  department,  pinning  its  faith  to 
the  facts  that  the  color  of  California  meats 
was  literally  only  skin  deep,  and  that  their 
fine  flavor  and  excellent  keeping  qualities,  as 
well  as  the  dependability  and  uniformity  of 
pack,  were  much  superior  to  those  of  imports, 
set  out  to  so  convince  the  trade.  Also  a  drive 
was  made  to  introduce  DIAMOND  BRAND 
Walnut  Meats  to  the  consumer  through  the 
distributing  mediums  of  the  wholesale  and  re- 
tail grocers.  The  signal  success  of  this  work 
is  shown  in  the  constantly  increased  prices 
received.  (See  table  below.) 

So  not  6only  has  the  Association  accom- 
plished its  original  purpose  of  taking  cull  wal- 
nuts off  the  market,  but  it  has  by  a  simple 
manufacturing  expedient  changed  a  commod- 
ity unfit  for  human  consumption  to  a  highly 


Season 

1915 
19l6 
1917 
19l8 


Light  Halves  Light  Pieces  Light  Amber  Dark  Amber  Dark 

32c.  per  Ib.         28c.  per  Ib.         i8c.  per  Ib.  8c.  per  Ib. 

q6c.       "  32c.      "  24C.       "  12C. 

/I  t  C 

65c.     "  52/^c.  "  5oc.  2oc. 

,   8oc.     "  yoc.     "  65c.     "  5oc.  perlb.       32^." 


66 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •   WALNUT 


(ABOVE)  OFF-GRADE  WALNUTS,  MACHINE  CRACKED  IN  THE  ASSOCIATION'S  LOS  ANGELES  BY-PRODUCT  PLANT 
(BELOW)  WOMEN  ASSORTING  THE  WALNUT  MEATS  INTO  FIVE  GRADES 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


67 


nutritive   and   attractive   food  product   that 
may  be  sold  at  attractive  prices. 

"DIAMOND  BRAND  NEWS" 

THAT  a  partner  in  a  business  enter- 
prise, whether  active  in  its  manage- 
ment or  not,  is  entitled  to  fullest 
information  concerning  its  activities  is  a 
principle  based  on  common  sense  as  well 
as  on  common  law.  The  walnut  grower, 
being  a  partner  in  the  California  Walnut 
Growers  Association,  is  not  content  to  just 
harvest  his  walnuts,  turn  them  over  to  the 
local  packing-house,  and  cash  checks  for  his 
returns.  He  wants  to  know  what  is  going  on 
—how  sales  are,  how  the  market  is,  what  the 
prospects  for  next  season  are,  and  the  whys 
and  wherefores  of  things  generally — and  if 
he  knows  these  things,  he  takes  a  greater  in- 
terest in  the  welfare  and  upbuilding  of  the 
Association. 

The  directors  of  the  California  Walnut 
Growers  Association  were  quick  to  appreciate 
the  desirability  of  keeping  member -growers 
intimately  in  touch  with  the  Association's 
problems  and  affairs.  However,  the  origi- 
nal method  of  conveying  this  information, 
through  spasmodically  issued  circular  letters, 
soon  proved  too  cumbersome,  and  in  1916 
the  Association  management  published  the 
first  issue  of  its  house-organ,  the  "DIAMOND 
BRAND  NEWS."  Since  that  time  the  paper  has 
been  published  regularly  every  two  months 
during  the  off  season,  and  every  month  dur- 
ing the  harvesting  season. 

It  not  only  keeps  the  growers  informed  re- 
garding the  condition  of  their  business,  but  it 
also  carries  frequent  constructive  articles  writ- 
ten by  experts  pertaining  to  the  many  culturaj 
problems  in  the  interests  of  quicker  and  better 
harvesting,  new,  larger,  and  better-equipped 
packing-houses,  additional  membership,  and 
that  one  idea  that  is  always  kept  before  them, 
"Better  walnuts  under  theDiAMONDBRAND." 

The  "DIAMOND  BRAND  News"  is  mailed 
to  all  growers  of  record  whether  they  belong 
to  the  Association  or  not,  and  is  unquestion- 
ably read  from  "kiver  to  kiver"  by  most  of 


them.  It  undoubtedly  is  serving  its  purpose, 
which  is  to  foster  the  interest  of  the  Califor- 
nia walnut  industry  in  general  and  the  co- 
operative spirit  in  particular. 

FOREIGN  INFORMATION 

IT  is  probably  not  generally  known  that, 
in  normal  times,  over  fifty  per  cent  of 
the  walnuts  consumed  in  the  United 
States  are  imported.  The  best  of  these  im- 
ported nuts,  which  come  from  France  and 
Italy,  usually  sell  from  two  to  five  cents  per 
pound  below  the  best  grade  of  Californias. 
Naturally,  with  this  large  tonnage  in  com- 
petition, it  is  of  vital  importance  that  the 
Association,  when  naming  its  season's  open- 
ing prices,  have  detailed  and  accurate  infor- 
mation concerning  the  size,  quality,  and  sea- 
sonableness  of  the  French  and  Italian  walnut 
crops  as  well  as  the  prices  prevailing. 

To  make  doubly  sure  of  having  this  neces- 
sary information  at  all  times  at  its  command, 
the  Association  maintains  an  office  in  Gre- 
noble, France,  in  charge  of  a  salaried  agent. 
The  entire  time  of  this  agent  is  devoted  to 
gathering  information  and  statistics  concern- 
ing the  walnut  crops  and  conditions  in  France, 
Italy,  and  Spain  for  submission  to  the  Los 
Angeles  office  of  the  Association. 

He  makes  frequent  investigational  trips  to 
the  walnut-growing  sections  of  all  three 
countries,  as  well  as  keeping  in  close  touch 
with  transportation,  trade,  and  market  condi- 
tions, cabling  or  writing  his  findings  as  their 
importance  and  expediency  may  demand. 

MEMBERSHIP  DEPARTMENT 

FOR  many  years  no  particular  effort  was 
made  to  induce  outside  growers  to  join 
the  local  associations.  They  were  wel- 
come if  they  wanted  to  come  in,  but  were 
seldom  requested  to  do  so.  The  Association 
membership   and   tonnage   were   continually 
increasing,  and  the  time  and  thought  of  the 
management  were  almost  wholly  directed  to 
other  problems. 

However,  as  DIAMOND  BRAND  Walnuts 
grew  in  popularity  and  consumption  in- 


68 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


creased,  the  demand  far  outpaced  the  supply. 
Since  the  Association  is  building  for  the  fu- 
ture day  when  new  acreage  and  improved 
cultural  methods  will  double  the  present  Cali- 
fornia walnut  tonnage,  the  problem  of  sup- 
plying this  demand  and  keeping  it  alive  is  of 
great  importance. 

To  have  more  walnuts  to  sell  under  the 
DIAMOND  BRAND  the  Association  must  have 
more  acreage;  consequently,  its  Membership 
Department  was  recently  organized  for  the 
primary  purpose  of  conducting  a  continual 
and  intelligent  campaign  for  new  growers. 

This  department  is  compiling  records  and 
maps  showing  every  bit  of  acreage  in  south- 
ern California  set  to  walnuts,  with  the  age 
and  variety  of  the  trees,  indicating  whether 
its  owner  belongs  to  a  local  association,  and  if 
not,  why  not.  It  carries  on  regular  drives  for 
new  members  in  conjunction  with  local  man- 
agers or  secretaries  in  the  different  districts, 
and  has  found  that  in  a  great  many  cases  the 
grower  was  perfectly  willing,  and  even 
anxious,  to  join  the  Association,  but  had  not 
done  so  because  he  had  not  been  invited. 

However,  it  should  be  understood  that  the 
activities  of  the  Membership  Department  are 
not  directed  solely  toward  getting  new  mem- 
bers. In  fact,  one  of  its  principal  duties  is  to 
look  after  the  welfare  of  Association  growers. 
The  grower  may  be  disgruntled  because  he 
feels  his  walnuts  have  been  culled  too  heavily, 
because  a  load  was  refused  at  the  packing- 
house as  not  properly  cured,  his  payments 
from  the  local  too  long  delayed,  some  pack- 
ing-house employee  has  been  rude  to  him, 
some  independent  shipper  has  offered  him 
more  for  his  walnuts  than  the  Association 
paid,  or  by  some  of  the  many  other  unpleasant 
occurrences  which  can  arise.  These  things  the 
Membership  Department  learns  of  and  en- 
deavors to  run  down  and  smooth  out. 

ADVERTISING 

THE  value  of  advertising  as  an  ad- 
junct of  other  sales  efforts  in  widen- 
ing the   distribution   and  increasing 
the  consumption  of  an  article  or  product  of 


merit  is  so  generally  appreciated  that  no 
comment  is  necessary. 

With  the  rapidly  increasing  production  of 
walnuts  in  California  which  has  already  been 
mentioned,  the  Association  is  naturally  look- 
ing toward,  and  building  for,  the  time  when 
the  demand  as  it  is  at  present  will  be  insuffi- 
cient to  absorb  the  output. 

As  the  walnut  production  is  increasing 
comparatively  at  a  much  more  rapid  rate  than 
the  population  of  the  United  States,  the 
natural  consumption  increase  will  be  insuffi- 
cient, and  consequently  the  Association  has 
launched  a  national  advertising  campaign, 
to  be  carried  on  in  a  large  way  each  season  re- 
gardless of  the  relative  standing  of  supply 
and  demand.  The  advertising  has  been  and 
will  continue  to  be  along  the  lines  of  bringing 
forcibly  to  the  housewife  and  consumer  the 
high  nutritive  value  and  palatableness  of 
California  walnuts,  as  well  as  the  many  tasty 
dishes  and  goodies  of  which  California  wal- 
nuts are  the  principal  ingredient.  This  for  the 
purpose  of  increasing  consumption,  as  well  as 
for  laying  stress  upon  the  fact  that  California 
walnuts  are  good  to  eat  the  year  round,  not 
just  a  Thanksgiving  and  Christmas  delicacy. 

In  answer  to  the  numerous  requests  as  to 
the  ways  California  walnuts  should  be  used, 
the  California  Walnut  Growers  Association 
has  just  published  for  free  distribution  an  at- 
tractive recipe  booklet  showing  the  varied 
uses  of  its  product  in  making  many  good 
dishes  better,  and  how  to  prepare  new  and  ex- 
quisite goodies. 

The  excellent  value  of  such  advertising 
has  already  been  proven  by  the  Association's 
1918  season  campaign,  the  direct  result  of 
which  was  that  during  the  period  from  Jan- 
uary first  to  July  first,  1919,  more  than  ten 
times  the  quantity  of  California  walnuts  were 
consumed  than  during  the  same  period  of  any 
previous  year. 

SELLING  COST 

A  S   previously   mentioned,    the   selling 

/-\    costs  of  the  local  associations  before 

-L    JL  the   organization   of   the    California 

Walnut  Growers  Association  were  \l/2  per 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


69 


cent  trade  discount  and  6  per  cent  commis- 
sion to  the  coast  brokers,  both  percentages 
being  figured  on  the  f  .o.b.  value  of  the  goods. 

The  Association  during  each  of  the  seven 
years  of  its  existence  has  been  able  to  materi- 
ally reduce  these  costs.  For  the  first  five  years 
its  total  yearly  expense  amounted  to  \l/2  per 
cent  trade  discount  and  3^  per  cent  selling 
cost.  In  1917,  due  to  an  unusually  short  har- 
vesting period  and  quick  movement  of  the  en- 
tire crop,  the  selling  expense  was  reduced  to 
l]/2  per  cent.  The  1918  season  crop,  which 
was  by  far  the  largest  ever  produced,  and  in 
the  selling  of  which  the  Association  was  con- 
fronted with  very  delicate  and  serious  market 
conditions,  was  sold  at  a  cost  of  3  per  cent. 
In  addition  to  this  the  trade  discount  was  re- 
duced from  1 1/2  to  l  per  cent,  making  a  total 
saving  to  Association  growers  on  the  actual 
marketing  cost  of  the  1918  crop  over  the  old 
method  of  more  than  $300,000.00. 

This  showing  is  all  the  more  gratifying  to 
the  management  of  the  Association  since  the 
3  per  cent,  while  called  "selling  expense," 
really  covers  every  expense.  In  other  words, 
the  Association's  members  were  returned  the 
full  opening  price  value  of  their  walnuts  less 
i  per  cent  discount  and  3  per  cent  expense,  the 
latter  including  not  only  actual  selling  cost, 
but  the  expense  of  maintenance  of  field  de- 
partment, membership  department,  legislative 
work,  and  advertising. 

COMMON  BENEFITS 

WHILE  the  advantages  accruing  to 
the   grower   and   distributor   have 
been   particularly   emphasized,    it 
should  not  be  assumed  that  the  Association, 
in   building   up    its   business   on    DIAMOND 
BRAND  Walnuts,  has  given  no  thought  or 
consideration    to   the   consumer   other   than 
asking  him  to  "pay  the  freight." 

Through  the  Association's  efforts,  the  con- 
sumer is  given  a  product  of  much  higher  aver- 
age quality,  and  is  protected  in  a  large  de- 
gree from  being  swindled  by  unscrupulous 
dealers  who  would,  if  they  could  procure 
them,  sell  walnuts  almost  worthless  in  food 
value  at  first-grade  prices.  The  average  Amer- 


ican today  is  particular,  and  walnuts  are  no 
longer  "just  walnuts."  He  knows  that  Cali- 
fornia produces  the  best  walnuts  grown,  that 
the  best  of  these  are  packed  under  the 
DIAMOND  BRAND,  and  he  buys  accordingly. 

But  the  principal  advantage  accruing  to  the 
consumer  through  the  development  of  the 
Association  is  the  reduction  of  that  generally 
wide  margin  between  the  amounts  the  pro- 
ducer receives  and  the  consumer  pays  for  a 
product.  Dean  Hunt  of  the  University  of 
California  has  said  that  for  the  average  food 
product  the  consumer  pays  at  least  three  times 
what  the  producer  receives.  In  other  words, 
goods  for  which  the  producer  gets  one  dollar 
cost  the  consumer  three  dollars. 

By  the  elimination  of  many  unnecessary 
speculative  elements  in  its  efforts  to  put 
DIAMOND  BRAND  Walnuts  in  the  hands  of 
the  consumer  by  the  cheapest  and  shortest  pos- 
sible route,  the  California  Walnut  Growers 
Association  has  just  reversed  this  average 
condition.  WALNUTS  FOR  WHICH  THE  PRO- 
DUCER GETS  ONE  DOLLAR  TODAY  COST  THE 
CONSUMER  AN  AVERAGE  OF  BUT  ONE  DOLLAR 
AND  THIRTY-FIVE  CENTS. 

CONCLUSION 

IF  the  foregoing  pages  have  fulfilled  their 
mission,  the  reader  is  aware  of  the  mam- 
moth proportions  to  which  the  walnut 
industry  has  attained  in  California.    If  he 
has  taken  time  to  read  the  cultural  notes,  he 
realizes  that  the  California  walnut  grower 
deserves  to  be  classed  as  a  scientific  producer 
of  a  high-grade  food  product. 

When  he  stops  to  consider  that  a  pound 
of  walnuts  contains  more  heat  calories  than 
a  like  amount  of  beefsteak,  the  reader  will 
find  it  easy  to  account  for  the  growing  pop- 
ularity of  the  walnut  as  an  article  of  daily 
diet.  The  attained  knowledge  of  its  nutritious 
and  economic  value  as  a  substitute  for  meats, 
having  converted  the  walnut  from  a  holiday 
luxury  to  an  every-day  food,  is  sufficient  to 
perpetuate  the  stability  and  prosperity  of  the 
industry. 

With   the   organization   of   the   industry 


7o 


THE    •    CALIFORNIA   •  WALNUT 


based  on  sound  principles  of  co-operation,  the 
growers  have  been  able  to  market  an  annually 
increasing  crop  at  prices  which  guarantee  a 
ready  consumption  and  at  the  same  time  a 
satisfactory  return  to  the  producer  on  his  in- 
vestment. With  the  active  and  far-sighted 


steps  being  taken  by  the  California  Walnut 
Growers  Association  to  increase  the  consum- 
ing demand  to  take  care  of  the  rapidly  in- 
creasing production,  the  future  of  the  walnut 
industry  in  California  appears  very  promis- 
ing. 


DESIGNED  BY 

THE  H.K.  McCANN  COMPANY 

ADVERTISING  AGENTS 

SAN  FRANCISCO 


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